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Museum Entrance

Welcome to the Museum of Civilization. Museum Entrance. Indus River Valley. Mesopotamia. Chinese River Valley. Egypt. Utopia. Curator’s Offices. Hallway Two. Welcome to the Museum of Civilization. Museum Entrance. Rome. Greece. Curator’s Offices. Hallway One. Curator’s Office.

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Museum Entrance

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  1. Welcome to the Museum of Civilization Museum Entrance Indus River Valley Mesopotamia Chinese River Valley Egypt Utopia Curator’s Offices Hallway Two

  2. Welcome to the Museum of Civilization Museum Entrance Rome Greece Curator’s Offices Hallway One

  3. Curator’s Office Jordan Stovall, Eric Avila, Kevin Cross, Josh Campbell Our group, consisting of four people, is in Mrs. Jones tenth grade World History 5A/B class. The class is in the STEM academy and is also a Pre-AP class. Place your picture here. Return to Entry Note: Virtual museums were first introduced by educators at Keith Valley Middle School in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This template was designed by Dr. Christy Keeler. View the Educational Virtual Museums website for more information on this instructional technique.

  4. Egypt Room 1 Egypt Artifact 3 Egypt Artifact 2 Egypt Artifact 6 Artifact 1 Artifact 4 Artifact 5 Return to Entry

  5. Indus River Valley Room 2 3 Indus Artifact 2 3 Artifact 21 Artifact 21 Return to Entry

  6. Mesopotamia Room 3 Artifact Artifact 10 Artifact 11 21 21 Return to Entry

  7. Huang He River Valley Room 4 Artifact 14 Artifact 15 Artifact 14 Artifact 21 Artifact 21 Artifact 21 Return to Entry

  8. Utopia Room 5 Artifact 6 Artifact 2 Artifact 3 4 Artifact 1 Artifact 5 Return to Entry

  9. Rome Room 5 Artifact 22 Artifact 22 Artifact 23 Artifact 21 Return to Entry

  10. Greece Room 5 Artifact 25 Artifact 26 Artifact 21 Return to Entry

  11. Egypt- Map The Nile River played a very important part in the lives of the Ancient Egyptians. When it would flood, it would leave the soil fertile and ready to grow more crops. Of course, as with most all rivers, it was also used for trade as well as transportation. Think Quest. n.d. Oracle Education Foundation. 10 Oct. 2011. http://library.thinkquest.org/10805/egyptmap.html Return to Exhibit

  12. Egypt- Cities Many factors of ancient Egyptian cities severely limit our knowledge of them. Unimportant buildings were built out of mud brick. Rivers and agriculture played an important role in ancient Egypt, so most of the cities were built on the floodplain of the Nile, and when it flooded, it would destroy the mud brick. Since their location is so ideal, many modern cities have been built over the ruins of the ancient cities. Tour Egypt. Warren, John. 13 Jun. 2011. Tour Egypt. 11 Oct. 2011. http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/cities.htm Return to Exhibit

  13. Egypt- Technology To a city that developed around a river, boats were a logical solution for transportation. The most efficient method of pushing the boat was to use many slaves or other people to row using sets of oars mounted on either side of the boat. The boat was mainly used as an outlet for growing interest in trade goods. Art Sales. 2003. Art Sales. 11 Oct. 2011. http://www.artsales.com/ARTistory/Ancient_Ships/06_egyptian_galleons.html Return to Exhibit

  14. Egypt- Specialization When Egypt would conquer or plunder another land, any people they could capture became slaves. Slaves were used to pay soldiers and also given to temples. They would mainly do manual labor, such as rowing boats or constructing buildings, but could be used by their master for anything they wanted. Tour Egypt. Dunn, Jimmy. 13 Jun. 2011. Tour Egypt. 11 Oct. 2011. http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/slaves.htm Return to Exhibit

  15. Egypt- Record Keeping Egyptians developed used several different writing systems. Hieroglyphics were mainly used on large-scale, monumental stones such as tombs and towers. Hieratic was the writing system they used for everyday events, until it was replaced by Demotic in 600 BC. However, Demotic sometimes couldn’t be translated directly to Hieratic or Hieroglyphic. AncientScripts. Lo, Lawrence. 1996. Ancient Scripts. 11 Oct. 2011. http://www.ancientscripts.com/egyptian.html Return to Exhibit

  16. Egypt- Complex Institutions Egyptian religion and government tie in closely together. The Pharaohs of Egypt were believed to be kings and gods. This was the source of their power. The Egyptian religion was highly polytheistic, with over five hundred gods and goddesses. As the Pharaohs were gods, they were often blamed when things went wrong, and praised when Egypt was prosperous. Many artisans made sculptures, etchings, and paintings depicting the gods. HistoryLink101. n.d. History Link. 11 Oct. 2011. http://historylink101.net/egypt_1/religion.htm Return to Exhibit

  17. Indus River Valley- Complex Institutions Not much is known about the religion of the Indus people, but artifacts have shown that the bull may have been a symbol of fertility, and tablets have depicted a bull headed god. Other sculptures also seem to show a mother goddess of sorts. They also used different animals as representations of their gods, making them polytheistic. ReoCities.n.d.MadeByAbi. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.reocities.com/pak_history/nonhindu.html Return to Exhibit

  18. Indus River Valley- Specialization The priests in the Indus River Valley civilization had general control over the affairs of the city. It is thought that the priests were the people who designed the layouts for the cities in the Indus River Valley. The priests in the Harappan civilization were also knowledgeable in astronomy and tracked Mercury, Venus, and Saturn. Harappan Religion. 2011. Dictionary.com. 10 Oct. 2011.http://www.reference.com/motif/society/harappan-religionColaco. Helekar, Santosh. 11 Jan. 2004. The Goan Forum. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.colaco.net/1/caste.htm Return to Exhibit

  19. Indus River Valley- Map Most of the cities in the Indus river valley, including the two major cities, MohenjoDaro and Harappa, were in close proximity to rivers. Harappa, in particular, is located between two branches of the Indus river. This provided an excellent defense from outside forces, and also would provide very fertile land. Framework Connections.n.d. 10 Oct. 2011. http://ab.mec.edu/departments/techinteg/resources/students/rivers/frconn.html#top Return to Exhibit

  20. Indus River Valley- Cities Since most all of the cities in the Harappan civilization were located somewhere near the Indus, trade from one city to another would be made sufficiently easier. The Indus river also empties into the Ocean, this would ease the difficulties of trading with other civilizations. It is believed that the cities in the Indus River Valley were designed by the priests. Lost Civilization of Harappa. Tripzibit. 22 Jan. 2010. Blogspot. 10 Oct. 2011. http://unmyst3.blogspot.com/2010/01/lost-civilization-of-harappa.html Return to Exhibit

  21. Indus River Valley- Technology The engineering skills of the Harappan people were much ahead of their time. The Harappan people were able to accurately measure length, mass, and time with weights and other devices. Harappans became adept at building docks after a careful study of tides, waves and currents. They were also known to make tools such as axes and hammers to help in everyday tasks like chopping wood and crafting. http://ant3145indusvalley.wikispaces.com/The+Role+of+the+Physical+Environment+on+Religion+and+Technology Wikispaces. Vida, Beata. 2011. Tangient. 10 Oct. 2011. Return to Exhibit

  22. Indus River Valley- Record Keeping The people, mostly priests, of the Indus River Valley used a complex writing system. Little is known about their system of writing because scientists, archaeologists, and scholars have yet to decipher the codes. They used stone or clay tablets to etch writings down, with a common theme appearing to be bulls and a bull-headed god. University of Washington. "Computers Unlock More Secrets Of The Mysterious Indus Valley Script." 10 Aug. 2009. ScienceDaily. 10 Oct. 2011. http://anthropologistintheattic.blogspot.com/2009/08/computers-unlock-more-secrets-of.html Return to Exhibit

  23. Mesopotamia- Map The fertile crescent is a very good place for a civilization to be. Firstly, it has the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers, which would provide very fertile land. Second, it has little to no obstacles, making it easily navigable. Thirdly, it has a good defense from the south, as a desert is difficult to traverse, especially for a large number of soldiers. These three things made it a natural center of trade and civilization. The two rivers make for excellent trade throughout the crescent also. Mappery. Scott. 10 Apr. 2008. Mappery. Return to Exhibit

  24. Mesopotamia- Specialization Like most other ancient civilizations, the power in Mesopotamia was held by priests. They were in charge of ensuring that everybody behaved accordingly in the gods’ eyes. However, they were also the doctors of the time, and often attempted to communicate with their gods to heal the sick. Art from Ancient Lands. n.d.Bakarat. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.artfromancientlands.com/StoneSculptureofaSumerianPriestAM0096.html Return to Exhibit

  25. Mesopotamia- Technology A logical tool for a civilization that is basically surrounded by water are boats. The Mesopotamians are known for making boats out of reed. Boats made of such a weak material probably wouldn’t be used for large scale trade, but for transportation and some smaller scale trading ventures. A boat of sufficient power could travel up the Tigris or Euphrates to other cities, or down into the Persian Gulf. ABC. Vosmer, Tom. 18 Sept. 2005. ABC. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.abc.net.au/wa/stories/s1462829.htm Return to Exhibit

  26. Mesopotamia- Complex Institutions There were many gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon. Among them were the four creator gods, An, Enlil, Nin-khursag, and Enki. These four gods corresponded to the sky, storms, earth, and water, respectively. Everything that was needed to survive was said to have been given to the Mesopotamians by the gods. About. Gill, N.S. 2011. New York Times Company. 10 Oct. 2011. http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/nemythology/a/mesopotamiarel.htm Return to Exhibit

  27. Mesopotamia- Record Keeping The Mesopotamians developed a style of writing that depended on pictograms. They were mostly used to document the growth of crops and taxes. Over time, the need for writing changed, and the Mesopotamians developed a script called cuneiform. Cuneiform was used by several different peoples. The Mesopotamians used it mainly to record events, trade, literature, and astronomy. Mesopotamia. n.d. The British Museum. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.html Return to Exhibit

  28. Mesopotamia- Cities Mesopotamian cities were constant migration and cultural diffusion caused a powerful central government not to develop in ancient Mesopotamia. As such, the largest area under one government was a city-state, or a city and the area around the city. Each city-state was actually a separate kingdom. Artlex. Delahunt, Michael. 1996. Artlex. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/m/mesopotamian.html Return to Exhibit

  29. Huang He River- Technology The people in the Huang He River Valley civilizations developed a secret method of producing silk from silk moths to make clothing, among other things. This would eventually become their largest export, connecting them with the rest of the world through trade. Solomon. Bethany. n.d. Hannah G. Solomon Elementary School. 11 Oct. 2011. http://solomon.cps.k12.il.us/roeschleyindex.html Return to Exhibit

  30. Huang He River- Record Keeping Before the Shang Dynasty, inscriptions were left on Oracle Bones to communicate events that have happened. Writing started to develop during the Shang Dynasty, in which the ancient Chinese recorded their information on strips of bamboo and silk, all of which have decomposed. Windows On Asia. 2011. Michigan State University. 11 Oct. 2011. http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/east_asia/china/history/Shang_Dynasty.htm Return to Exhibit

  31. Huang He River- Cities Most of the cities of ancient China were, like most other cities in the world at the time, located around or along rivers. Cities passed along from one dynasty to the next over time, and were rarely destroyed. Cultural-China. 2007. Cultural-China. 11 Oct. 2011. http://scenery.cultural-china.com/en/147Scenery88.html Return to Exhibit

  32. Huang He River- Map The Huang He River Valley civilization emerged from the central part of the Huang He’s basin. The Huang He itself has the most silt content of any river in the world. This makes the surrounding lands very fertile, and perfectly fit for growing crops. This particular civilization has a near-perfect position, with great defenses on all sides, including mountains, deserts, rivers, and the Yellow Sea. Wordpress. HoangKyBacTien26 Jul. 2010. Wordpress. 11 Oct. 2011. http://hoangkybactien.wordpress.com/the-fate-of-huang-he-the-yellow-river/watch-map-of-chinas-deserts/ Return to Exhibit

  33. Huang He River- Specialization About two thousand BC, the Chinese learned how to craft bronze from copper and tin. This opened a new door for artisans to learn how to smith bronze and make anything from pots to weapons and armor. HistoryForKids. Carr, Karen. 6 Oct. 2011. History For Kids. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/china/history/shang.htm Return to Exhibit

  34. Huang He River- Complex Institutions The ancient Chinese didn’t have an organizes religion or priesthood. They simply believed that when a person died, their soul would go into another realm, where they could help the living, provided that they were given the proper respect and their needs were met. Boivieapedia. C. Kevin. 2010. PB Works. 11 Oct. 2011. http://boivieapedia.pbworks.com/w/page/8081114/Shang%20or%20Huang%20He%20(Yellow%20River)%20valley%20civilization Return to Exhibit

  35. Utopia- Specialization To properly capitalize on a land with a complex system of rivers, this Utopian civilization would become a civilization dependent on farming. In its first stages, it would cultivate food crops. When the civilization began trading outside its borders, it would begin to grow cash crops like tobacco. People would generally be either commoners or be part of an upper, priestly class that would represent people in the government and reward people for working. Listverse. Frater, Jamie. 2007. WordPress. 10 Oct. 2011. http://listverse.com/2007/10/03/99-excuses-for-skipping-out-of-work/ Return to Exhibit

  36. Utopia- Cities The placement of cities in a good civilization is vital. In a land that has a network of rivers, the main city should be placed in such a location that it has a significant advantage in transportation. In Costa Negra, for example, the capital city is placed in roughly the center of the civilization, with an easy route to every river, and other city in the land. Also, cities placed by water tend to thrive, as they gain all of these advantages. Amarit. n.d.AgenciaMaritima and Comercial. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.amarit.com.do/pi_riohaina.asp Return to Exhibit

  37. Utopia- Technology As a result of being largely an agricultural society and the geography of the rivers in the land, a new class would be formed. This class of people would be made of engineers. The main use of materials in the region would be used to construct and design boats and complex irrigation systems. In a society such as this, trade and transportation boats would be a necessity. Little Town Mart. Howard, F.D. n.d. Little Town Mart. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.littletownmart.com/fdh/Narvaez_boat.htm Return to Exhibit

  38. Utopia- Complex Institutions An ideal government would be a republic. This would raise citizen morale, because they would have a say in the government, but still allow the government some control of things. Hypothetically, a religion that encourages and rewards individuals for contributing to society and performing goodwill would benefit the civilization the most. Spring Hill Fresh. 2011. Spring Hill Fresh. 11 Oct. 2011. http://springhillfresh.com/our-people/ Return to Exhibit

  39. Utopia- Record Keeping Efficient record keeping would be a must in an ideal society. To mitigate cost and time constraints, a small alphabet would be formed. Each character of the alphabet is easy to form, consisting of no more than three strokes of a pencil. Paper Textures. Redwood, Robert. n.d. Easy Elements. 6 Oct. 2011. http://www.easyelements.com/paper-textures.html Return to Exhibit

  40. Utopia- Map A utopian civilization would have an ideal location. That is, close to the sea and in a land with many rivers. This would allow a farming civilization to utilize the fertility that rivers bring to soil. Also, a peninsular civilization would be provided with strong defenses on three sides, and four if the border were also a river. Return to Exhibit

  41. Rome- Complex Institutions The Roman government and religion alike were both based off of the ancient Greeks. The Roman government was a mix of a democracy and a republic. Even under the rule of one man during the empire, consuls were still appointed. The Roman gods were also very similar to the Greek gods, to the point where some gods merely had their name changed. Crystalinks. n.d.Crystalinks. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.crystalinks.com/romegods.html Return to Exhibit

  42. Rome- Record Keeping The Romans were meticulous record keepers. They used the Latin alphabet that they developed from the Greeks’ own alphabet. This is the alphabet we still use today, we simply arrange the letters differently. Rome. Carlos, Michael. n.d. Museum of Emory University. 10 Oct. 2011 http://carlos.emory.edu/ODYSSEY/ROME/writ.html Return to Exhibit

  43. Rome- Map The Roman Empire has miles and miles of coast, something that can be very advantageous. They also control the entire coast of the Mediterranean Sea. This provides a major advantage over the neighboring civilizations if they wish to use the Mediterranean to trade or transport. USU. Damen, Mark. 2011. USU. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/chapters/08ROMFAL.htm Return to Exhibit

  44. Rome- Cities There were many ancient Roman cities, but none more important than Rome itself. The vast wealth that Rome gained was used to develop large-scale building projects that gave Roman cities their distinct building style. Cities were generally placed near water, as almost all of the land under the Roman Empire was coast. Bible-History. n.d. Bible History Online. 11 Oct. 2011. http://www.bible-history.com/ibh/Roman+Cities/Bozrah/ Return to Exhibit

  45. Rome- Specialization Roman soldiers lived a disciplined life. It is said that each soldier was trained to travel twenty miles a day, carrying a burden of eighty pounds. While soldiers fought in wars, they also provided much of the labor for building forts, walls, and roads. It is believed that Roman soldiers built more than 250000 miles of roads. Roman Colosseum. 2008. Roman Colosseum. 11 Oct. 2011. http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-army/roman-soldiers.htm Return to Exhibit

  46. Rome- Technology The Romans were very good at takinginventions and making them their own. However, most scholars agree that ancient Roman architecture was developed by the Romans themselves. The Romans actually invented concrete and developed arches, roads, and aqueducts. Having a road system in a territory is that travel is more organized and less dangerous. Also, Romans built things to last, and that they did. The Diagram of Everything. Datu, Kerwin. 2006. The Global Urbanist. 10 Oct. 2011. http://thediagramofeverything.com/merida.html Return to Exhibit

  47. Greece- Complex Institutions Each of the Greek city-states had it’s own government. Most of them started as monarchies, then changed to oligarchies, then to tyrannies, and finally to democracies. However, there were always some that remained ahead of behind the others, and some that never became democracies at all. Despite their differences, all of them shared the same gods. Their religion depicted multiple gods and goddesses with human behaviors and characteristics. eHow. Eliot, Alexander. 29 Sept. 2011. Demand Media. 6 Oct. 2011. http://www.ehow.com/info_10045301_adaptation-greek-myth-art.html Return to Exhibit

  48. Greece- Cities Ancient Greece was divided into many city-states that shared similar characteristics. A city-state consists of the city and its surrounding area. Each of them had its own, separate government. Each also had separate goals, traditions, and customs. Five of the most powerful city-states were Argos, Megara, Corinth, Sparta, and Athens. All of the city-states shared their language and they all believed in the same gods. Ancient Greece was comprised mostly of islands and peninsulas, so most sites in the area were well suited for cities. Fotopedia. Kyahl. 20 May. 2010. Fotonauts. 6 Oct. 2011. http://www.fotopedia.com/items/flickr-4327148172 Return to Exhibit

  49. Greece- Record Keeping The Greek adopted the Phoenician writing system and invented an alphabet with twenty four letters, from A to Ω. The main use for this was to document events and facilitate an advanced accounting system that the Greeks invented. It also helped encourage the countless authors and poets of the time to produce works. Crystalinks. n.d.Crystalinks. 10 Oct. 2011. http://www.crystalinks.com/iliad.html Return to Exhibit

  50. Greece- Technology Ancient Greece gave us some of the world’s most talented inventors, poets, thinkers, and teachers. Ancient Greeks built boats, crafted armor and weapons, and invented siege engines. Among these inventors was Ctesibius, who made advances in war and musical technology by inventing an air powered catapult, a force pump, and a water organ. Ancient Greek Technology. Sfetsos, Elias. 29 Nov. 2002. E-Telescope. 6 Oct. 2011. http://www.e-telescope.gr/en/history-and-archaeology/132-ancient-technology Return to Exhibit

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