Harmann Dhami Jessica Hioe Natski Takagi

1. The Rise of Filipino Nationalism: The Emergence of Emilio Aguinaldo & the Creation of the First Philippine Republic HarmannDhami Jessica HioeNatski Takagi

2. Presentation Outline • The Rise of Filipino Nationalism • Emergence of Aguinaldo • The Fight for Independence • Conclusion http://www.zonu.com

3. Rise of Nationalism • The Philippines had been under Spanish rule since the 16th Century • During the late 19th Century, the Filipino people experienced a national awakening • Factors: religion, trade and the imparting of nationalist ideas by the Spanish themselves Filipino Ilustrado’s in Spain http://en.wikipedia.org

4. The Ilustrados and the Reform Movement • Reform movement: triggered by the unjust execution of three Filipino priests by the Spanish authorities in 1872 • Ilustrados: educated, middle-class Filipinos • A peaceful movement • The reform movement failed to achieve its goals (reforms) but was successful in sparking nationalism amongst the Filipinos “The Ilustrados photographed gathered steps of an imperious Madrid building (ca.1890) aptly illustrate the way the Filipinos mobilized their defense against European racism through bourgeois sartorial style.” http://en.wikipedia.org

5. The Katipunan • ‘KataastaasanKagalang-galangnaKatipunannangmangaAnaknangBayan’or ‘Highest and Most Honourable Society of the Sons of the Country’ • Formed in 1892 • Andres Bonifacio: uneducated, but knew that an armed conflict was needed for change • The society led to the emergence of Aguinaldo, and the Philippine Revolution “A late 19th century photograph of Filipino Katipuneros.” http://en.wikipedia.org

6. Emergence of AguinaldoGeneral Emilio Aguinaldo & The New Republic • Seized control of the revolution in 1897 • Established a revolutionary government • Approval of constitution and setting up of Supreme Council on November 1, 1897 • Was exiled to Hong Kong in December 1897 • Revolutionary leaders and rebels continued the fight against the Spaniards Tan, S.K. 2002. The Filipino – American War, 1899 – 1913

7. The Spanish-American War & Aguinaldo’s Return to Power • The Spanish empire was crumbling • America’s new industrialists sought out new markets and raw materials • Philippines had sprawling plantations, untapped forests and mines along with cheap native labour • US turned to Aguinaldo in a bid to gain control of the Archipelago • He was offered naval support and cheap weaponsto ‘resume the revolution’ • Was told that the American constitution did not allow for the taking of colonies “Emilio Aguinaldo in the field”http://en.wikipedia.org

8. The First Philippine Republic • Declaration of Independence signed on June 12, 1898 • Spanish-American War ended on December 10, 1898 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris • Aguinaldo was sworn in as President of the first Philippine Republic on January 23, 1899 “The original Flag raised by President Emilio Aguinaldo in declaring the independence in 1898” http://en.wikipedia.org

9. Fight for IndependenceFilipino-American tension & the Philippine American War “Wherever you see the American flag, there flock the in numbers; they are our redeemers” – Emilio Aguinaldo • June 12, 1898 Proclamation of Philippine Independence • Treaty of Paris (1898)  Philippine Republic not recognised, and discovery of America’s real intentions in the Philippines Zaide, G.F. 1984. Philippine History. Tan, S.K. 2002. The Filipino – American War, 1899 – 1913

10. “Great is this day, glorious this date, and forever memorable this moment in which our beloved people are raised to the apotheosis of Independence” – Emilio Aguinaldo, First Philippine Republic established January 23, 1899 • Filipino response to American betrayal was of the willingness to fight forfreedom, self-determination and their republicdespite differences in support andsupply Zaide, G.F. 1984. Philippine History. Tan, S.K. 2002. The Filipino – American War, 1899 – 1913

11. Defeat of Aguinaldo and the end of the short-lived Philippine Republic • March 23, 1901: Aguinaldo captured • April 19, 1901: Aguinaldo issued a post that informed the Filipinos’ to accept peace under American rule. • Filipinos’ were to surrender to the US (who had funding, troops and arms), and recognise US sovereignty over their nation “Aguinaldo boarding USS Vicksburg following his capture in 1901.” http://en.wikipedia.org

12. Conclusion • Nationalist desires as a product of socio-political conditions and mistreatment by Spanish colonisers, and disloyalty by the Americans • Aguinaldo as a key leader in the Philippine nationalist and independent movement “Opening of the Malolos Congress at the Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan on September 15, 1898.” http://en.wikipedia.org

13. References • Agoncillo, T.A. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Eighth Ed. Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. • Corpuz, O.D. & Corpus, O.D. 1962. Western Colonisation and the Filipino Response. Journal of Southeast Asian History, 3(1 (March), pp.1-23. • Goodno, J.B. 1991. The Philippines: Land of Broken Promises. New Jersey: Zed Books. • Linn, B.M. 1989. The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899-1902. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. • Mojares, R.B. 1999. The War against the Americans: resistance and collaboration in Cebu 1899-1906. Manila: Ateneo De Manila University Press. • Peplow, E. 1997. The Philippines. Chicago: Passport Books. • Pilapil, V.R. 1965. The Cause of the Philippine Revolution. Pacific Historical Review, 34(3 (August), pp.249-64. • Salamanca, B.S. 1968. The Filipino Reaction to American Rule 1901-1913. Yale University: The Shoe String Press. • Storey M., and M.P. Lichauco. 1926. The Conquest of the Philippines by the United States 1898-1925. New York: The Knickerborker Press. • Tan, S.K. 2002. The Filipino – American War, 1899 – 1913. First Ed. Quezon City: Cavite Historical Society & University of the Philippines Press. • Zaide, G.F. 1984. Philippine History. Updated Ed. Quezon City: National Book Store, Inc.

14. References - images • Image taken from: http://www.zonu.com/images/0X0/2009-09-17-595/Mapa-Politico-de-Asia-del-Este-1995.jpg • Images taken from :Tan, S.K. 2002. The Filipino – American War, 1899 – 1913. First Ed. Quezon City: Cavite Historical Society & University of the Philippines Press. • Image and direct quote taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281521%E2%80%931898%29 • Image and direct quote taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution • Image and direct quote taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine-American_War • Image and direct quote taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence • Image and direct quote taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo