Global CED

1. Global CED CED in developing countries

2. 1. World Bank Community-driven development 2. Participatory Urban Planning in Kenya 3 communities in Kitale

3. A. World Bank • International Development Agency • Owned by 186 member countries

4. Objectives • reduce poverty in 2 groups of countries • middle-income & credit worthy poor countries • world’s poorest countries

5. Tools • provide low interest loans, interest-free credit & grants to developed countries • deal with governments • top down approach: recognize benefits of community participation

6. Community-driven development (CDD) • Close to CED

7. Community-driven development (CDD) • Effective in • developing communities • rebuilding communities post-conflict • rebuilding communities post-natural disaster

8. Outcomes of CDD • More and better distributed assets • Stronger, more responsive institutions

9. National Solidarity Program in Afganistan • Village level community development councils

10. National Solidarity Program in Afganistan Outcomes • Benefitted nearly 13 million people • Helped to build state credibility • Strengthened local democracy • Restore basic services • Community councils are recognized by law

11. Challenges of CDD • Power sharing • Requires consistent & long term support • Does not always reach the poorest • Monitoring and evaluation

12. Creating Sustainable Local Economic Development Through Sustainable Partnerships: Kenya Chapter 15 in Shragge & Toye

14. Participatory Urban Planning • Participatory Urban Planning (BIP-PUP) is an approach to local development involving three methodologies: • participatory planning • neighbourhood development • partnerships

15. Funding: • UK department of international development Objectives: • Enhance effectiveness of city and municipal planning and management • Economic, social and environmental local sustainability with a long term focus

16. Background • In the 1990s Kenya adopted participative and strategic planning principles into its legislation. • The legislation builds on a strong tradition of widespread community participation called “Harambee”.

17. High unemployment • High levels of poverty • Socio-economic inequality is high and growing. • Gini coefficient

18. Kitale Kitale is an administrative town for about 800,000 inhabitants, is considered a wealthy agricultural area, and is the destination for rural–urban migrants.

20. BIP-PUP project Goals help Kitale develop an institutional structure that can respond to local development needs develop sustainable and locally adapted solutions long term goal: institutional capacity at the municipal level

21. The BIP-PUP Project

22. Preliminary Activities Survey #1 Identify socio-economic conditions prioritize Kitale’s 10 electoral wards by need and by concerns of residents

23. Survey #2 assessed current socio-economic organizations Identified Kipsongo, Shimo La Tewa and Tuwan active intervention based on need

24. Kipsongo Located on outskirts Many residents migrated People with no urban life experience.

25. Kipsongo Water is polluted upstream. No sanitary facilities available. Infectious diseases spread. Literacy rates and school attendance rates are low. Unemployment is very high.

26. Kipsongo Residents were to draw up a Kipsongo Neighbourhood Plan, articulating a strategic action plan.

27. Plan 5 sanitation blocks constructed, each serving several households. Each group of households contributes labour and cleaning supplies. 2 springs constructed and protected.

28. Plan Development of a seedling nursery Plan to develop a laundry block to cover costs of maintenance and create income. Plans to start a commercial vegetable garden.

29. Other initiatives Daily saving scheme for women Youth groups trained in production of stabilized soil blocks Health clinic services Initiatives for education, school based meals program, and non-profit-sector training sector

30. Shimo La Tewa A larger and marginally more prosperous settlement. Emphasis on larger infrastrucuture projects, individual ownership, and individual business initiatives.

31. Shimo La Tewa Revolving loan fund used for individual plot owners to secure personal loans

32. Shimo La Tewa public infrastructure Training in technologies for women and youth 2 protected springs & a water kiosk Improvements in sanitation and collection and disposal of solid waste

33. Tuwan Largest of the 3 settlements, 100,000 residents. Most prosperous of the three settlements. Priorities: access to clean water reduction of water-borne diseases income improvement through water-kiosk management construction of sanitary facilities

34. Tuwan Construction of communal, gender-segregated ablution block

35. Tuwan Income generation: brick making by youth groups latrine facilities (fee) decomoposed waste - manure vegetable growing for women’s group methane for heating water for showers merry-go-round in playground operate a pump to supply water to the facility

36. Social Development Daily-savings associations: loans plans for future loans for land purchase & housing construction

37. Social Development formed partnership activities across the 3 settlements

38. City wide activities Kitale Green Towns Environmental Group clean and greening activities in public spaces and public institutions.

39. Development of concept of citizenship Training in rights and responsibilities Rights to secure tenure, right to clean and sanitary environment, right to adequate housing, right to earn a living. Development of a vision by community members

40. Summary and Conclusions Peoples’ lives in all three settlements were impacted. Progress in water and sanitation technology and management and behaviour.

41. Enthusiasm for the development of the CBOs. Volunteer membership is strong. Awareness of rights and responsibilities and of the potential for individual and collective action.

42. The long term sustainability of this approach depends on the emergence of a lead member to take over leadership once the UK developer has withdrawn.