Hard-Won Liberty: NOVEL

1. Hard-Won Liberty: NOVEL Introductory Notes Intro Scene:

2. Notes: Contents • Historical Background • CASTE-SYSTEMS (aka people who lived during that time) • Setting • Characters • Controversy/Banning

3. Historical Background SETTING • Maycomb, Alabama; 1933-1935 • Great Depression • Time of Economic Struggle for many Americans • Many families forced to rely on men to become migrant workers to provide for family • Hitler in power in Germany • VIDEO: http://www.teachertube.com/video/images-of-the-great-depression-226296 • TIMELINE: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/rails-timeline/

4. Maycomb, Alabama • Fictitious town based on real town of Montgomery, Alabama • Welcome to small town Alabama, circa 1930s. It's a friendly town, with lots of old ladies baking cakes and small-town sheriffs saying folksy things. • Oh, and it also has morphine-addicted old ladies; abusive families living by the dump; and a pretty nasty racial divide. • To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in the fictional small Southern town of Maycomb in the 1930s (Tom's trial takes place in 1935). Slavery and the Civil War of the 1860s still loom large in the rearview mirror, but the civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s is just a wee little speck on the horizon. And Maycomb is going nowhere fast: “A day was twenty-four hours long but seemed longer. There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County.” (1.10) • Lots in its own little world, Maycomb doesn't know what's happening elsewhere and doesn't care. Few people move there (not much reason to) and few people leave (why bother?). Source: http://www.shmoop.com/to-kill-a-mockingbird/setting.html

5. Historical Background African-Americans • The Great Depression of the 1930s worsened the already bleak economic situation of African Americans. • They were the first to be laid off from their jobs, and they suffered from an unemployment rate two to three times that of whites. • In early public assistance programs African Americans often received substantially less aid than whites, and some charitable organizations even excluded blacks from their soup kitchens. • Slavery was abolished in 1864, but Southerners still believed in white supremacy. • Segregation existed. African-Americans may not sit in the same sections as whites. They had separate facilities as well. Source: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/67474/African-Americans/285193/African-American-life-during-the-Great-Depression-and-the-New-Deal

6. Historical Background Other Minorities – • included Mexican Americans, American Indians, and Asian Americans • Unemployment rate of 50% (compare to whites @ 25%) • first to lose jobs at a business or on a farm • often denied employment in public works programs supposedly available to all needy citizens • sometimes threatened at relief centers when applying for work or assistance • Some charities refused to provide food to needy minorities, particularly to blacks in the South. • Violence against minorities increased during the Depression, as whites competed for jobs traditionally held by minorities. • Minorities were also excluded from union membership Source: http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3425600021/minority-groups-and-great.html

7. Historical Background • Gender Bias • Women considered “the weaker sex” • Education not important for women • Wealthy women were expected to supervise staff • In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, 26 states had laws prohibiting the employment of married women. The sentiment behind the laws was that a married woman – who presumably had a husband to take care of her – should not "steal" a job from a man. • It was acceptable for single women to find jobs, but usually these were lower-paying jobs that were typically considered "women’s work" – thus white women worked as. • Working-class white women would hold jobs such as salesgirls, beauticians, schoolteachers, secretaries, and nurses • The job market for African American women was even more restricted, with most black women who worked serving as maids, cooks, laundresses, boarding house and lodging house keeping and hairdressing and beauty culture. • A good deal of women were wives and mothers while men provided for their families – or, at least, attempted to do so. Source: http://www.westga.edu/~hgoodson/Women%20and%20Work.htm

8. Historical Background • Poor White Families • Hard-working • Honest • Proud • Men worked at various jobs in factories, farms, roadwork, • Survived on very little • Paid with “entailments” = Always paid back their debts – even if it is with hickory nuts, turnips, or holly. • The Cunninghams fit this category Source: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/timefr.html

9. Historical Background “Poor white trash” • Dirty • Lazy • Good-for-nothing • Never done a day’s work • Foul-mouthed • Dishonest • Immoral • The Ewells fit this category

10. Historical Background The Black Community • Simple& Honest • Hard-working • God fearing • Proud • Would never take anything without paying it back • Respectful • Had stronger character than most of the whites • Oppressed • Uneducated • Discriminated against • Talked about badly • Deserve better than what is dished out to them by society • Some examples from the book include Calpurnia and Tom Robinson Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDS32LEe1Ss

11. CONTROVERSY/BANNING • LINKS http://www.brighthubeducation.com/homework-help-literature/57011-why-was-to-kill-a-mockingbird-banned/ http://bannedbooks.world.edu/2012/07/30/banned-books-awareness-to-kill-a-mockingbird/ http://dangerousbooks.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/to-kill-a-mockingbird/ http://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2001/aug/mockingbird/010807mockingbird.html http://www.lansingcitypulse.com/lansing/article-4533-controversial-or-a-classic.html http://www.tolerance.org/magazine/number-27-spring-2005/feature/books-under-fire http://www.westport-news.com/opinion/article/To-Kill-a-Mockingbird-Still-relevant-after-50-500199.php http://racerelations.about.com/b/2010/07/11/the-backlash-against-to-kill-a-mockingbird.htm http://www.wset.com/story/13466620/controversy-over-n-word-in-to-kill-a-mockingbird http://ncacblog.wordpress.com/2010/11/05/florida-high-school-cancels-production-of-to-kill-a-mockingbird/ http://www.freedomtoread.ca/articles/teaching-controversy/ http://books.google.com/books?id=aeqIV1m_akQC&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=controversy+to+kill+a+mockingbird&source=bl&ots=QYZvwomB6C&sig=wDVBMQXDbucCEMbTF0Pj9lfjTB8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zU9yUt_uPOnPsASA94GYCw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=controversy%20to%20kill%20a%20mockingbird&f=false

12. TOP 5 MAIN REASONS • BLATANT & OVERT RACISM PORTRAYED • USE OF DEROGATORY LANGUAGE – “N” word • MATURE TOPICS – RAPE, ALCOHOLISM, CHILD ABUSE • CHARACTER STEREOTYPES – gender, race, creed • TRUTHFULNESS

13. CharactersJean Louise Finch “Scout” • The story’s narrator • Although now an adult, Scout looks back at her childhood and tells of the momentous events and influential people of those years. • Scout is six yrs old when the story begins. • She is naturally curious about life • Tomboy who pals around with older brother and their summertime neighbor “Dill” • Mother passed away when she was 2 years old

14. Atticus Finch • Father of Scout and Jem • A widower • An attorney by profession • Highly respected • Good citizen • Instills good values and morals in his children • “Moral Compass” in the novel

15. Jem Finch • Scout’s older brother • Looks up to his father Atticus • Usually looks out for Scout • Typical older brother at times • Smart • Compassionate • Matures as the story progresses

16. Calpurnia • The Finch’s black housekeeper/maid/nanny • Has her own home/family • Has watched the children since their mother’s death • Has been a positive influence on the children • Can be a hard disciplinarian but loves the children as her own

17. Dill • A close friend of Jem and Scout’s • Usually lives in Maycomb only during the summer (stays with a relative) • Tells “big stories” • Has been deprived of love and affection • Has single mom; later gets step-father

18. Tom Robinson • A young, harmless, innocent, hardworking black man • Accused of raping a white woman – facing trial • Has a disabled left hand • Married with three children. • Worked on a farm belonging to Mr. Link Deas, a white man

19. Arthur “Boo” Radley • An enigma • An adult man, whose father has “sentenced” him to a lifetime confinement to their house because of some mischief he got into when he was a teenager. • Has a reputation of being a lunatic • Basically a harmless, well-meaning person • Sometimes childlike in behavior • Starving for love and affection

20. MayellaEwell • At 19, the oldest of the Ewell family (8 kids total) • Shy & lonely • Mother passed away • a mother figure to her many siblings • Lives near town dump in filth with; very poor

21. Bob Ewell • Mayella’spoor “white trash” father • The town parasite who lives off the town’s bounty • Uses welfare checks for alcohol; rumored to physically abuse his children • Uncivilized man who has a negative reputation

22. Heck Tate • The town sheriff • Friends with Atticus • Present at the crime scene Scene – key witness in trial [Also important later during a related yet separate incident]

23. Aunt Alexandra • Atticus’s sister • Racist & disapproves of what her brother is doing • Wants Scout to be a lady • Wants Jem to be a gentleman • Stays with family during trial to provide some “discipline”

24. Other Characters to Know

25. English 10 note • We stopped here – the following characters are not in the chapters we intend to read!

26. Miss Maudie Atkinson • Scout’s Neighbor • Loves gardens and bakes the best cake in Maycomb • Knows how to treat children like adults

27. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose • A mean old woman in the Finch neighborhood • Teaches the children a lesson in bravery