Rock Project

1. PreAP Language Arts 2008 Rock Project

2. Requirements Major Project Supplies INK OR MARKER ONLY (Written part) Outline Must be bound or in a folder. Due Thursday, April 24th

3. Content Requirements- Part I Term (Given) Definition (Given) Example (Given) Explanation (Given in notes)

4. Your Content Requirements Original example- 10 or more words Theme based Rock- literal and symbolic Illustration Drawn, clipart, magazine Published example – in order preference Class Novel Song Lyrics Internet Google Correctly cited sources See examples given Add author's last name before page number.

5. Declarative Sentence Definition: A declarative sentence makes a statement. Example: “She waited, breathlessly, and after a moment she realized that she was alone in the column” (151).

6. Declarative Sentence Sentences that make a statement. Most common type of sentence. Word choice gives meaning

7. Imperative Sentence Definition: An imperative sentence gives a command Example: “Look at him, in that column there. Get him out, Calvin” (148).

8. Imperative Sentence Can add a conversational tone when used. Word choice can make imperative sentences harsh in tone.

9. Interrogative Sentence Definition: An interrogative sentence asks a question. Example: “Had it been the shadow, the Black Thing? Had they had to travel through it to get to her father??” (99).

10. Interrogative Sentence Conversation Rhetorical Device Causes reader to look at a situation in a more global manner May lead the reader to a deeper meaning

11. Exclamatory Sentence Definition: An exclamatory sentence provides emphasis or expresses strong emotion. Example: “How extraordinary! I could almost see the atoms rearranging!!” (151).

12. Exclamatory Sentence Adds emotion and emphasis to writing. Should be used sparingly

13. Antithetical Sentence Definition: An antithetical sentence contains two statements, which are balanced, but opposite. Example: “It’s a privilege, not a punishment.” (5). Here, Meg contrasts her attic room as it usually is (quiet and private+ with how frightening it has become during the hurricane.

14. Antithetical Sentence Here, Meg is contrasting her attic room as it usually is (quiet and private) with how frightening it has become during the hurricane. Many times meaning comes from what something is not. Illustrating something using an opposite idea is a powerful way to show the importance of that idea.

15. Balance Sentence Definition: In a balanced sentence, the phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. Example: “The window rattled madly in the wind, and she pulled the quilt close about her” (5).

16. Balance Sentence These two independent clauses create emphasis through repetition of the strong declarative statements about the stormy night. When balancing a sentence, the writer is reinforcing the description or idea by giving equal importance to all details. It may reinforce the setting, characterization, or tone.

17. Complex Sentence Definition: A complex sentence contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Example: “As Charles Wallace gave Meg her sandwich, Fortinbras came out from under the table.” (15).

18. Complex Sentence By placing the dependent clause first, L'engle makes the reader first picture Charles Wallace's action, then the dog's, recreating how Meg saw what happened. Placement of dependent clauses can allow the writer to create: Suspense, vivid descriptions, sequencing,

19. Compound Sentence Definition: A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FAN BOYS) or a semicolon. Example: “The cocoa steamed fragrantly in the saucepan; geraniums bloomed on the window sills, and there was a bouquet of tiny yellow chrysanthemums in the center of the table.” (11).

20. Compound Sentence The similarity of these three independent clasues reflects the “regularity” of the family's comfortable kitchen.

21. Compound/Complex Sentence Definition: A compound complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. Example: “ The furnace purred like a great sleepy animal; the lights glowed with a steady radiance; outside, alone in the dark, the wind still battered against the house, but the angry power that had frightened Meg while she was alone in the attic was subdued by the familiar comfort of the kitchen.” (11).

22. Compound/Complex Sentence Allows more information to be given to the reader without a complete break. Used in descriptions and logic to move plot. Not often used in character's conversation.

23. Loose or Cumulative Sentence Definition: A loose or cumulative sentence has its main clause at the beginning with additional grammatical units added after it. Example: “A voice emerged from the turned up coat collar, stole, scarves, and hat, a voice like an unoiled gate, but somehow not unpleasant.” (16).

24. Loose or Cumulative Sentence This loose sentence adds depth to the description of the mysterious Mrs. Whatsit with each additional phrase after the main clause, “A voice emerged....” Cumulative sentences give the information at the beginning and then add “fluff” to enhance the basic thought. Think cumulus clouds- sentence then fluffy,fluffy,fluffy.

25. Periodic Sentence Definition: A periodic sentence has its main clause at the end of the sentence with its additional grammatical units leading up to that point. Example: “At the quiet of his voice she felt calmer.” (8).

26. Periodic Sentence These periodic sentences delay the completion of their meaning and create temporary suspense for the reader. USED TO ADD SUSPENSE.

27. Simple Sentence Definition: A simple sentence consists of one independent clause. Example: “Charles Wallace freed his hands from Meg and Calvin and plunked himself down on one of the chairs.” (129).

28. Simple Sentence This simple sentence emphatically recreates Charles Wallace's action. Simple sentences are most effective when used amid longer more detailed sentences. This placement adds importance and strength to the meaning.

29. Syntax Techniques Juxtaposition Definition: Juxtaposition is a poetic and rhetorical device in which unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another often creating an effect of surprise and whit. Example: “The silver light from the enormous moon poured over them, blending with the golden quality of the day, flowing over the children, over Mrs. Whatsit over the mountain peak.” (70).

30. Syntax Techniques Juxtaposition The mingling of night and day creates a beautiful setting for the children's visit to the summit of the planet Uriel. Similar an antithetical sentence. Not only do opposites paint successfully paint meaning, this method shows wit within the connections.

31. Natural Order Definition: Natural order of a sentence involves constructing a sentence so that the subject comes before the predicate. Example: “She scowled down at the ground in sullen fury.” (126)

32. Natural Order This sentence achieves the effect of most English sentences-we “see” the subject and then the action. Used primarily to show that what is happening is “normal” Used the majority of the time.

33. Asyndeton Definition: Asyndeton is a deliberate omission of conjunction in a series of sentences; it helps to speed the pace. Example: “The kitten yawned, stretched, gave a piteous miaow, trotted out of the attic and down the stairs.” (5).

34. Asyndeton Sometimes, as in this sentence, the use of asyndeton means that all parts of the sentence receive equal weight because they are not separated. This is used by the writer to show the equal importance or unimportance of the list. It may also show the importance of the items as a group.

35. Ellipsis Definition: Ellipsis is the deliberate omission of word or words that are readily implied by the context. Example: “Her eyes were bright, her nose (was) a round soft blob, her mouth (was) puckered like an autumn apple.” (17),

36. Ellipsis The words L'Engle omits, those in the brackets, simply are not needed for the sentence to make sense; adding them would make the sentence wordier and less happy in tone. Emphasises the parallel structure of ideas This omission mimics actual speech patterns making the sentence more in the casual register.

37. Parallel Structure Definition: Parallel Structure (parallelism) refers to a grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence. Example: “Calvin led the way to the wall, and then sat there, his red hair shining silver in the moonlight, his body dappled with patterns from the tangles of branches.” (49)

38. Parallel Structure The two absolute phrases in the sentence are parallel and equally important in this description of Calvin. Parallel structure can exists in at all levels: words, phrases, clauses, and paragraphs. The use leads to an appearance of logic adding weight to the meaning. It also add a musical quality depending on the elements that mirror each other.

39. Polysyndeton Definition: Polysyndeton is the deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis-to highlight quantity or mass of detail or to create a flowing, continuous sentence pattern; it slows the pace. Example: “There was a ghost of wind and a great thrust and a sharp shattering as she was shoved through-what? “ (79)

40. Polysyndeton What polysyndeton does in this sentence is capture the felling of Meg's unfolding arrival into another dimension, giving it a feeling of almost hypnotic power gripping her. Polysyndeton is used to add importance to the elements. The reader must see the words as both important individual elements and important parts of the whole.

41. Repetition Definition: Repetition is a device in which words, sounds, ideas are used more than once to create rhythm and to create emphasis. Example: “Six large doors kept swinging open, shut, open, shut, as people went in and out, in and out, looking straight ahead, straight ahead, paying no attention to the children whatsoever, whatsoever.” (111-112).

42. Repetition Another way to add emphasis. Adds a musical element. Different types Enhances rhythm

43. Anadiplosis Definition: Anadiplosis is the repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause. Example: “Quite calmly, as if this old woman and her boots were nothing out of the ordinary, Mrs. Murray pulled until the second boot relinquished the foot. This foot was covered with blue and gray argyle socks and Mrs. Whatsit sat there, …… “(20).

44. Anadiplosis Repetition of “foot” makes the reader focus on the humor of the scene when Mrs. Whatsit falls backwards in her chair yet continues to eat her sandwich. Allows the writer to make the reader focus on one particular idea. Used often in speeches.

45. Anaphora Definition: Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. Example: “Each woman stood on the steps of her house. Each clapped. Each child with the ball caught the ball. Each child with the skipping rope folded the rope. Each child turned and walked into the house.” (103-104)

46. Anaphora But the repetition of “Each” at the beginning of each of the sentences makes the people seem like robots or automatons. Emphasis of a word or concept important to the story. Strong element in speeches both real world and in written characters. Enhances rhythm

47. Epanalepsis Definition: Epanalepsis is the repetition at the end of a clause of a word that occurred at the beginning of the clause. Example: “Eat!’ Meg exclaimed as Mrs. Murray went out through the lab. ‘How does she expect me to eat?” (16).

48. Epanalepsis Meg's shock is reflected in the repetition of “eat” at the beginning and end of the passage. Enhances tone

49. Epistrophe Definition: Epistrophe is the repetition of the same word or group of words at the end of successive clauses. Example: “She moved with great agility for such an old woman. At least Meg was reasonably sure she was an old woman, and a very old woman at that. “ (20).

50. Epistrophe Repeating pace and old woman at the ends of sentences places special emphasis on the words because they come in a powerful place in the sentences. Emphasis of a word or concept important to the story. Strong element in speeches both real world and in written characters. Enhances rhythm