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Mustafa Akgül Bilkent University INETD- Internet Techologies Association

Turkish Internet: a look back for Governance and Developmental Informatics. Mustafa Akgül Bilkent University INETD- Internet Techologies Association. Summary. Who am I? Research Networks before Internet Early Years Organizational structures Governence attemps

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Mustafa Akgül Bilkent University INETD- Internet Techologies Association

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  1. Turkish Internet: a look back for Governance and Developmental Informatics Mustafa Akgül Bilkent University INETD- Internet Techologies Association

  2. Summary • Who am I? • Research Networks before Internet • Early Years • Organizational structures • Governence attemps • Tiny developemental Informatics .. • Censorship, filter etc Sept 2012 2

  3. Who am I ? • BS civil engineering METU 1970 • MS Math/OR METU '74 • Ph.D Cominatorial Optimization 1981 • 1982-87 May: U Delaware - NCSU • 1987- Bilkent – Industrial E • Information Systems

  4. What I do ? • Inet-tr, internet conference 95 - • Academic Informatics 99 - • Internet Fiesta '98 - • Public Networks '98 (once) • Open Systems, Linux Fiesta, informatics, • Internet Council, Nation. Info Council(şura) • INETD, LKD, TBD, executive

  5. TR Pre Internet • 1986 TUVAKA: connection to EU - bitnet • DOST-Directory of Scientist of Turkey (list) • TUVAKA reached 30 nodes • Ftp-by-mail, news, trickle, file-server • Overwhelmed by 89 • Tr-net started '91,ripe, network @ ank, ist • 12/04/93 birthday-64K/19.2K

  6. Years '93-'95 • Informatics'93: first exposure • Universities slowly: TCP/NJE, boun • One modem/one account: connected to int • Statistics Congress: seminer, booklet • '94 econ/crisis; no procument • Full day activity at Tubitak • Servis.net.tr: ank/ist, X.25 • Books in turkish: Çağıltay, Akgül

  7. '94-'95: Making of Turnet • Tr-net → TT : let us extend internet to TR • Backbone: a triangle: 1M-0.5M-0.5M=1M • A company → TUBITAK: a deal • TRNET Inc., tiny ISP, news/article portals • TUBITAK-METU separated: • TT : to build Turnet - NO from gov.tr • Revenue sharing action: build & operate • TT has mono., has rev. on satellite, cableTV

  8. '95-96: inet-tr • Inet is grow. In uni and IT sector, media • ISP explosion: superonline, Turk.net, ... • Universities in disarray – fighting • Near call: shutting down internet • Call for internet conference: may'95--> Nov • Turnet:77% TT, blocked boun/bilk--> 128k • jVenture: Global one, Satko, metu → out • Turnet (half) alive: sep '96, isp escort closed • tuvaka closed, ulakbim national akademic c.

  9. Excursion: Governance - dev info • Informatics 93, 94, 95 : concensus building • Inet-tr'95: national level attemp, (Linux!) • 96 Campaigns: “do not kill inet”, • Virtual protest meeting • Http://web.inet-tr.org.tr/Kamp • Long distance calls: 700, 800 • '97 IXP – satellite perm ↔ sharing with TT • States goal for Turnet: income projected • Internet (Adv) Board idea ...

  10. '97-'98 • ISP -STK meeting: IC proposel, DNS adm • Foreign ministry: main Turkey site • Government changed: • Ministerial science council first discussed inet • icafe for sme (telec), e-commerce board -etkk • Inet-tr'97: Internet (Adv) Bord = High Council • Inet-tr'97: a session on e-gov, plan for TTNeT • IC started, Report, Internet Fiesta • Public net conference (pre e-gov): KamuNet

  11. Excursion - II • ETKK: worked on legal aspects for e-commerce • SME adm: telecenters on large ind. cities • IC governance attemp: 3 pillars: gov, com org/edu • Ministers changed a lot; ministry was not ready • Fiesta: after netday, internet day (fr), fiesta (eu) • 2 weeks : aweraness, Uni/chambers .., sme, gov • Kamunet: a consensus by public IT • Kamunet Adm Comm (under secretary), Technical ..

  12. '99-'00 • Kamunet blocked; crony ... • E-europa is on table; TR eu candidate • Lisbon treaty: e-europe '00-'02 • E-turkey concept, working groups • State IT council working groups started • National Infor Master Plan (Tuena) finished • Telecom Regulation Aut. established • End of TT monopoly at 2004 announced

  13. Excursion: III/'01-'02 • TUENA: 96-99, gov-com-org joint work • Projected future: few policy rec. • Report placed in shelfs • State dev plan: info/telecom reports • E-turkey, state IT council (şura), consensus attempt, gov-com-org • Little budget, little organization (for gov) • Plans for organization (prime min. under sec) • Big commercials, inet growing • Joined e-europa+ ('01)

  14. Excursion: IV – “press law” • Inet is becoming alternative media • “inet is subject to press law” proposal • RadioTV Adm monitor any pub/broadcasting • Vetoed by president, passed again • Spanned 2 years figting with the law • In '03 “National Media Council” • “press law” article removed later • Council conclusions are not implemented • “

  15. '03-'04 • End of '02: AKP in power: e-transformation • Feb '03: Information Society Office: 5 person • Short TermAction Plan: may → dec • E-transformation executive comm: min. 5 ngo,gov • A bit transparency, frequent meetings • Auction for: Nat. Strategy and Action Plan • BTK(Telecom Reg.) start working for free market • Huge demand for Tellco , but BTK was for TT • In 2000 TT head → BTK Head

  16. '04-'06 • XDSL was in TTNet – 3800 ports-00-01 • TT researched, planned … but could not install dsl • E-europa+ targets was lagging; school = '03 • Xdsl started in'04, K12 started in '04 • IT council asked for Informatics com in parliment • National strategy action plan: gov + exec com • Published 06 for 06-10 • New one is in make? New auction in place • TT privatized

  17. Excursion V: strategy action plan • It was mainly e-gov or consumption oriented • Not e-transformation, e-turkey or production or • One pillar was: social transformation • KIEM=telecenters, (gov + TT+ city gov ) • KIEM (IT training + access to inet ) “clean inet” • NO: feedback, dissemination, public rel • Nothing serious on human resources • little on open source: migration@ 1 institution • Almost nobody knows it, 50% success!

  18. '07-!12 • “internet media law=5156” • CableTV (was semi private) → nationalized • 3G started • ISP/Telco's started fiber to home • User selected filter introduced • IC restructured twice • E-commerce law/spam prev Is in progress • Strategy/Action plan will replaced • Plans for: hadopi, social media halt

  19. Censorship - I • 5156 regulate internet publication • 9 catalog crimes, including Ataturk Law • Pretext: protection of children • Task to “Clean internet” • TR → courts; else → BTK bureaucracy • Mainly: indecent, porno, Ataturk, gambling, prost • 1st year: report, a bit transparency • Engelliweb.com: 20500+ sites blocked • IP, DNS blocking or both

  20. Censorship - II • Samples: alibaba.com (digger) • Vimeo.com, myspace.com • Google.com (not iplemented) • Youtube, almost all google • Blogger, wordpress, richarddawkins.net • Political, ataist, anarchist, tarikdursun(anti islam) • Civil coursts, penal courts diff., beyand 5651 • Opening of youtube: misleading public, ad hoc sol • Regulation remained as is

  21. Filtering Saga • Propod secondary regulation for filter – no NGO • Standart, family, child, local • Huge protest major cities: 150K istanbul • They softened: child, family remained • Reaction weakened • 11 person committee to define criteria • Black and white lists determined by BTK • Lists (its size also) is secret, • You can check a web if it is list, but only 10

  22. İnternet Council • Hoped to solve problems (high council) • Advisary board of all stake holders • Internet Fiesta, reports, teenage search, decleration • Worked with 7 ministers: 3 parties, 2 non-partisan • Enlargement; after AKP anew structure proposed • AKP relectant to deal, later dissolved itself • After 5651 established with “good boys”, cutoff .. • Silently, changed to 7 member • “committee for development of internet

  23. I-town • TBD – Turkish Informatics Association -SME Ad • Denizli Yatagan (knife, sword) • Idea: intro to business, good manufacturing • Teach it skills, e-commerce, • Nearbay town yeşilyuva (shoe maker) • A metallurgical eng., and oven, IT teacher, web • 2004 human development report (turkey) • Http://akgul.bilkent.edu.tr/hdr/nhdr_turkey2004.pdf

  24. IT Related Law Making • Penal Code '91,95: “hacking” , adopted france • ETKK, inet-tr, informatics, state info council, IC • Cybercrime convention: participated, did not sign • 2004 penal code: most of cybercrime conv include • Penal procedure law passed very fast • “info systems and network services” law draft • Child porn manipulated, → passwd 5651 • “to be world leader to clean internet”

  25. Lifting of youtube ban • Youtube banned several times, mostly Atatürk rel. • Gov wanted youtube have an office, respect, tax • For tax they were in court, no clause ban for tax • Misled President: “ban due to tax problems” • Solution: IC → I have rights of Atatürk video, DE • Firm in DE: I am taking this off; youtube OK • Video off, ban lifted by public prosecuter • Then youtube: you do not have rights, put it back • So regulation is intact ; probably google/TR agree.

  26. State of Turkish Internet • Usage: 47% Male: 58 W: 37 , heavy: 33% • Urban: 56,67,46 Rural: 26, 37, 16, Worst:29,44,16 • Home: 47, U: 55, R 27, Mobile: 43, 41, 51 (rela) • Home broad 43, 52,21, 3G+gprs: 91,94,79 (rela) • Every(rel):62,64,59 U:65,67,61 R:49,50,47 • NO e-gov: 55, 53, 67, total users: 10M+ • Broadband users (BTK): 14 M • Number of comp: 4M, domain: 300(tr), 1.3M out

  27. Summary • Above world average; behind europa • World indeces: fluctaing 50-60, hdr: 92, dem: 90+ • RSF: 148, Freedom House: 120+, innov: 74 • Telecom is free in paper, not in practice, oligoply • Disorganized, multicentered, lacking long term • “ship is not destined to Info society” • Governance most non existing • Research and dev informatics weak

  28. Questions • Thanks for listening • Akgul @bilkent.edu.tr • http:// akgul.bilkent.edu.tr • http://akgul.web.tr • Http://blog.akgul.web.tr • Bt-stk.org.tr inet-tr.org.tr ab.org.tr • internethaftası.org.tr, inetd.org.tr • Web.inet-tr.org.tr

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