BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I

1. BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I What is so important about the Brain? ____ of adult body weight BUTconsumes ____ of O2 & glucose Is brain size an indication of intelligence? Phrenology and Sherlock…

2. The Brain: the big picture… • The basic components of the CNS include the: • _________ • ___________ • ______________ • _______________ • _____________

3. The Brain: development… Our central nervous system has humble origins early in our development (by ______) A plate (___________) of cells develop crests (___________) that rise and eventually meet and fuse leaving the hollow dorsal nerve cord & and ___________ of our CNS

4. The Brain: development… What happens if mid-line tissues DON’T meet and fuse? Failure of vertebral arch formation can result in ______ _______. In mild cases results in a dimple or discolored spot (____________), severe cases (____________), meninges, CSF and nervous tissue may protrude.

5. The Brain: from the outside in… The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges 3 layers:_________ ~ outermost, tough, continuous with periosteum _______________ ~ middle layer, spider-web appearance ___________ ~ innermost layer, not visible to naked eye

6. The Brain: from the outside in… The dura mater helps keep the brain in position and the ___________________ (CSF) helps cushion/protect the brain Where does the fluid come from? ______________ on ventricle walls ______________ allow fluids in from capillaries

7. The Brain: from the outside in… 100-160ml of CSF circulates throughout the ventricles, down the central canal of the spinal cord and throughout the __________ __________. CSF is reabsorbed back into blood primarily at the _______ ___________ found within the dura mater.

8. channel connecting 3rd and 4th cerebral (mesencephalon) aqueduct and if blocked can result in ____________ The Brain: from the outside in… Ventricles are comprised of 4 major cavities:1&2 ~ _____ and ________________ ______________ space within thalamus _____________ between cerebellum and brainstem

9. The Brainstem: ________________ Most inferior portion, functions as a conduction pathway (descending motor neuron pathways ________ here) Reflex centers for: __________________ blood vessel diameter __________________ breathing __________________

10. The Brainstem: ______ Superior to ____________ ____________. Contains more ascending and descending pathways. Relays information from ________ to __________. Also includes sleep and respiratory centers.

11. The Brainstem: _____________ Small section superior to the _____. Part of the auditory pathways and visual reflexes Also involved in regulating _____________/activity and coordination

12. The Brain: __________________ 2 types of nuclei:Cranial nerves III-XIIandReticular Formation nuclei which are scattered throughout brainstem Many pathways from RF project directly to cerebrum to modulate activity ________ (repetitive stimuli) __________________________

13. The Diencephalon: ____________ “Gateway to cerebral cortex” Most _____________ project to the thalamus, which in turn projects to the cerebrum. Thalamus also influences _____ and activities associated with strong emotion. (Two concepts: ____________ and __________)

14. The Diencephalon: _________________ Major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. Centers associated with: * __________________* __________________* __________________* __________________* __________________* __________________

15. BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I The Brain:Cerebrum (lobes) Cerebrum divided into 4 lobes: _________: _____________, motivation, aggression, smell and mood _________: __________ and evaluation of sensory info. _________: smell, hearing, ______ and abstract thought _________: _____ processing

16. The Brain: Cerebrum (bumps and grooves) The sulcus dividing frontal and parietal lobes is ______ ________. Ridges on either side are ____ & _____ _____ Pre CS ~ ______ ______ Post CS ~ _______ _______ _______ Motor Sensory

17. The Brain: Cerebrum (makin’ waves) Sum electrical activity can be read as waves with ____ bio-feedback to control brain activity

18. The Brain: Cerebrum (memories) 3 types: __________ ~ less than a second __________ ~ seconds to minutes (about 7 bits) __________ ~ minutes to life time associated with re-shaping neurons and formation of memory engrams (pattern of neurons and their connections) _________ _________ ~Pavlov

19. The Brain: Cerebrum (hemispheres) Not really a “dominant” side Hemispheres communicate via the ________ _______ Structurally and functionally different Right brain -- usually _______________ Left brain -- usually _______________ Anterior Smell R. Smell L. Shape mem. Verb. Mem. Musical Symbolic Intuitive Language Spatial Posterior

20. The Brain: Cerebellum Responsible for _______, ____________ and ____________ Fine motor coordination due to ___________ __________… compares intended movements with actual movements Can also “learn” complex movements

21. BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

22. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

23. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

24. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

25. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

26. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

27. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

28. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

29. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

30. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

31. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

32. Does the brain have any peripheral nerves?

33. BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I What is the anatomy of the spinal cord? Spinal cord is link between ______ and _________ Spinal cord ends ~ ____ vertebra but trailing nerves form _________ ____________ Enlargements for regions innervating limbs (________ and ______________) Regions of convergence/divergence called ______________es

34. How are the layers of the meninges arranged? The ___________ extends down the vertebral foramen. There is a ____________ that is largely a “potential space” The __________ and ___________ are arranged similarly as in the cranium.

35. How does spinal anesthesia work? Epidurals and spinal blocks:anesthetics injected into the __________ and ____________ spaces respectively.

36. How does spinal cord form denote function? Spinal cord contains white and gray matter (Remember the significance of each?) gangli Spinal cord w/ distinct anterior and posterior formations, including “horns” of gray matter. ___________ contains neuron cell bodies that synapse with afferent neurons.____________ contains neuron cell bodies that send efferent axon___________ ~ autonomic neuron cell bodies

37. What are the various spinal reflexes and how do they work? Stretch reflex:1) 2) 3) 4)

38. What are the various spinal reflexes and how do they work? Golgi tendon reflex: 1) 2) 3) 4)

39. What are the various spinal reflexes and how do they work? Withdrawal reflex: 1) 2) 3) 4)

40. What are the various spinal reflexes and how do they work? Reciprocal innervation (withdrawal 2) reflex: 1) 2) 3) 4)

41. What are the various spinal reflexes and how do they work? Crossed extensor (withdrawal 3) reflex: 1) 2) 3)

42. How does the spinal cord bridge the gap between CNS and the rest of the body? Numerous pathways exist connecting receptors, association neurons, and regions of the CNS. Usually named by origin/insertion Ex. Spinothalamic tract

43. C1-8 T1-12 L1-5 S1-5 Does the spinal cord have any peripheral nerves? 31 pairs of nerves associated with the spinal cord (spinal nerves) lettered and numbered in same fashion as vertebrae

44. What is the association between cutaneous sensation and spinal nerves? Spinal nerves innervate specific regions of the body and are mapped out on a ____________ ________ Predict the possible site of nerve damage for a patient who suffered whiplash and developed anesthesia in the left arm, forearm and hand!