Center for Integrating Research and Learning

1. Center for Integrating Research and Learning National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University Tallahassee, FL

2. Research Experience for Teachers

3. The History of Refrigeration Monique Quinones and Jennifer Rogers Under the Direction of Dr. Eric Palm

4. Identify refrigerants Discover the Magnet Lab’s uses of refrigeration Understanding Refrigeration Research the origins of refrigeration Explore technological advances of refrigerants Create a link between our research and the classroom Research Experience Goals

5. Why Study Refrigeration? • Refrigerants are an essential part of magnet operation • Refrigeration and air conditioning play important roles in modern life.

6. Air Water (ice) Ammonia Sulfuric Acid Carbon Dioxide Ethyl Chloride Ether Methyl Chloride Hydrocarbons Liquid Nitrogen Liquid Helium Liquid Ethane Halocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons Hydrochlorofluorocarbons >Working refrigerants in refrigerators, air conditioners, and blowing agents in foams >Now being regulated due to contribution to ozone depletion Identify Refrigerants

7. Refrigeration Used in the Laboratory Setting Cryogenics is the study and manipulation of materials at extremely low temperatures. LN Dewar LN Dewar

8. Using Liquid Helium to cool super conducting magnets • 3 HE – 4 HE is used to cool to 0.020K Super Cool!

9. The Birth of Refrigeration John Gorrie, physician, scientist, inventor, and humanitarian, is considered the father of refrigeration and air-conditioning. Discovered that rapidly expanding gases resulted in cooling. Dr. Gorrie may have also invented the ice cube tray in its current form.

10. Dr. Gorrie’s Misconceptions Led to Invention • Gorrie was studying yellow fever and it’s effects on the average person. • He became convinced that cold was the healer, so he experimented with ways to try and cool his patients down. • He didn’t know that yellow fever was carried through mosquitoes.

11. Gorrie sealed off all of the openings of the patient’s room and suspended an ice basin from the ceiling so that cold air flowed down from the ceiling.

12. Gorrie gave up his medical practice to engage in time-consuming experimentation with ice making. • He was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration in 1851. Unfortunately, Gorrie's invention wasn’t commercially embraced until after his death in 1855, and he was unable to capitalize on his patent.

13. Ice, brewing, and meatpacking industries Metalworking and iron production Textile mills and oil refineries Manufacturers of paper, drugs, soap, glue, shoe polish, perfume, celluloid, and photographic materials. Fur and woolen goods storage Nurseries and florists Funeral business Hospitality businesses including hotels, restaurants, saloons, and soda fountains Refrigeration in ammunition factories Magnetic Refrigerators Cryogenics Technological uses of Refrigeration

14. The Classroom Connection • Process of Inquiry • P-O-M-Q • Becoming A Scientist • Descriptive writing • Investigations

15. Investigations!

16. The Gorrie Museum

17. In Apalachicola, Florida at the Gorrie Museum you can find a ¾ scale model of Gorrie’s first ice machine. Once there, you can also visit the grave site of John Gorrie and a monument dedicated in his name.

18. Gorrie Goes National Today, you can find a statue that Nationally recognizes John Gorrie as one of the state of Florida’s most important historical figures. It sits in the National Statuary Hall in Washington, D.C.

19. A Special Thank You We would like to thank Dr. Eric Palm and Timothy Murphy for all of their support and dedication to our research experience.

20. We Appreciate You! Pat Dixon Gina Hickey Karl Hook Gayla Sanders Paula Crone Ann Spangler Educational Media staff