Chapter 12 – Reconstruction

1. Chapter 12 – Reconstruction Section Notes Maps Plans for Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction Republicans in Charge Reconstruction Collapses Military Districts, 1867 The Election of 1876 Images Human Costs of the Civil War Freedmen’s Village Political Cartoon: Reconstruction In the Shadow of Slavery Quick Facts Hopes Raised and Denied Visual Summary: Reconstruction

2. Plans for Reconstruction • The Main Idea • Northern leaders had different ideas for dealing with the many issues and challenges of restoring the southern states to the Union. • Reading Focus • What challenges faced the South after the Civil War? • What actions did Union leaders take during wartime to reconstruct the nation after the war’s end? • How did Lincoln’s assassination affect the nation? • Why did President Johnson and Congress differ over Reconstruction?

3. Property losses The value of farms and plantations declined steeply and suffered from neglect and loss of workers. The South’s transportation network was in very poor shape. Challenges for African Americans Had gained freedom, but had no money and little if any education. The poor economy made job prospects bleak. They wanted educational and economic opportunities. How to treat the South Many legal and political questions regarding the South needed to be answered. The South after the War

4. Wartime Reconstruction The Freedmen’s Bureau was created in March 1865 to help southern refugees and freed slaves. Northerners disagreed over how to treat the South, but as he stated in his inaugural address, Lincoln hoped to treat the South “with malice toward none and charity toward all.” New roles for African Americans were tested. In territories under Union control, freed slaves were hired to work on plantations for pay, or were allowed to rent and farm the land. 40-acre plots in South Carolina and Georgia coastal lands were given away. In Louisiana, freedmen signed contracts to work for a year for wages. Some planters deducted basic items from the wages, and little money was left over.

5. Lincoln’s Plan The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, December 1863, gave forgiveness to those who pledged Union loyalty and support for emancipation. When 10 percent of voters had taken the oath, a new state government could be organized. The new government was required to ban slavery. This plan for readmission was known as the Ten Percent Plan. Opposition Lincoln’s plan sparked debate in Congress. Some thought only power to re-admit belonged to Congress; others thought the South never officially left the Union. Thaddeus Stevens felt majority rule was being discarded. Congress refused to allow members from the states readmitted under Lincoln’s plan to be seated. Reconstruction Plans

6. Wade-Davis Bill In 1864, Congress passed its own plan for Reconstruction. A majority of white male citizens would be required to take a loyalty oath before elections could be held. Lincoln killed the bill using a pocket veto, ignoring it since it passed in the last 10 days of the legislative session. Congress Makes a Plan

7. Lincoln’s Assassination • The president did not live long enough to test his wartime popularity against Congress for control of Reconstruction plans. Popular president • Lincoln was shot at Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865, and died the next morning. • John Wilkes Booth was part of a conspiracy, and others were supposed to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward. John Wilkes Booth • A grief stricken nation mourned Lincoln’s death. • White southerners were concerned. Lincoln’s death meant a change in Reconstruction plans and a new president. Some disliked Andrew Johnson and felt he was a traitor. Concern and grief

8. Johnson and Congress Differ over Reconstruction Republican leaders thought they could work with Johnson, but they did not understand his views. Born into poverty, Johnson despised the wealthy planter class, but he held no ill will toward southerners. He supported states’ rights and limits on government power. Johnson’s plan added to Lincoln’s list of exceptions. Wealthy southerners would have to apply for pardons, but there was no set percentage of loyal voters. It required a convention to be called to repeal secession, an amended constitution banning slavery, and a refusal to pay Confederate debts. Johnson pushed forward with his plan, and all but one state was restored when Congress met in December. Congress was not happy, and the battle for control would begin.

9. Congressional Reconstruction • The Main Idea • Congress took control of Reconstruction, as a new, radical branch of the Republican Party began emerging. • Reading Focus • How did the South respond to Reconstruction under President Johnson? • Why did Congress take control of Reconstruction, and what changes did it make? • How did Radical Reconstruction differ from earlier Reconstruction plans, and what were its effects?

10. Johnson’s attitude Deep-rooted prejudice continued. African Americans had rights, but those rights did not include a role in government. Johnson declared, “White men alone must manage the South.” Johnson pardoned nearly everyone who applied, and prewar leaders were restored to power. Congress refused to seat these former Confederates. The Black Codes Designed to keep freedmen in slavelike conditions, Black Codes gave planters a cheap labor supply. The laws varied by state, but they allowed freedmen certain rights, such as the right to marry and to own property. The series of laws kept freedmen dependent on the plantation for their existence. Keeping a way of life Local sheriffs and Civil War veterans supported and enforced these laws. White citizens formed private groups, supposedly to keep order in the South. The Ku Klux Klan formed in 1866 and soon began terrorizing African Americans and whites who were loyal to the Union. Violence against blacks was rarely prosecuted. Reconstruction under President Johnson

11. Congress Takes Control of Reconstruction Northerners felt if southern states were allowed to abuse freedmen, the North’s victory would be diminished. A New Jersey paper warned, “The reptile spirit of secession is still alive.” Northern concerns Radical Republicans wanted to reshape southern society and favored a more thorough program of Reconstruction. They wanted freed slaves to have economic opportunities and political equality. But moderate Republicans still controlled Congress. Congress fights back Moderates did not want a social revolution, but wanted to help and protect freedmen. They passed two bills, including a Civil Rights Act. Johnson’s vetoes pushed the moderates to help the Radical Republicans to take control of Reconstruction. Johnson versus Congress

12. Radical Reconstruction Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment, writing the Civil Rights Act into the constitution and granting citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States.” Republicans took control in the election of 1866 after riots in the South discredited Johnson’s views. Radicals now had the votes needed to pass the Reconstruction Acts. These laws put the southern states under U.S. military control and required them to draft new constitutions. Congress also passed the Tenure of Office Act in March 1867 to keep Johnson from using his power as commander in chief to interfere with Reconstruction.

13. Johnson’s impeachment Edward Stanton, Lincoln’s secretary of war, had stayed on in Johnson’s cabinet. Stanton supported congressional Republicans and prevented Johnson from undermining Congress’s program. In response, Johnson fired him. The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act. The Senate failed to convict by one vote, and Johnson remained in office. Although no longer in control of Reconstruction, Johnson continued to issue pardons, and by the end of 1868 the rights of almost all Confederate leaders had been restored. The Fifteenth Amendment During the impeachment trial, Republicans nominated General Grant as their presidential candidate. The 1868 election was close, but the African American vote in the South gave Grant an electoral college victory. Republicans pushed through the Fifteenth Amendment, which extended suffrage to all African American males nationwide. This brought millions of potential new voters to the Republican Party and aimed to protect freedmen from pardoned former Confederates. However, it did not ban denial of suffrage for reasons other than race. Radical Reconstruction

14. Republicans in Charge • The Main Idea • Republican Reconstruction had significant impact on life in the South. • Reading Focus • What changes did Republican government bring to the South? • What was life after slavery like for African Americans? • How did Reconstruction affect patterns of land ownership and land use in the South?

15. Scalawags Scalawag was the name given to southerners who supported the shift in power to Congress and the army. Many were farmers who had never owned slaves. Some joined the Republicans to prevent the planter class from returning to power; others were southerners ruined by the war; still others wanted to end the dependence on plantation agriculture. Carpetbaggers The scalawags allied with carpetbaggers, northerners who came south to take part in the region’s political and economic rebirth. Scorned as low-class persons who could carry their belongings in a carpetbag, many were educated and came from a variety of backgrounds. Many bought abandoned land cheaply or formed partnerships with planters. Republican Government Brings Change to the South

16. African Americans in government Forming the largest group of Republican voters in the South, nearly 700 African Americans served in southern state legislatures during Reconstruction. They included Hiram Revels, who took the Senate seat held by Jefferson Davis before the war. New state governments Brought many changes, including the region’s first public school systems. The infrastructure was repaired, facilities built, and railroads added. Facilities were open to all southerners, but were usually segregated by race. The Black Codes were repealed in every state. The changes angered those formerly in control, and some freedmen felt more needed to be done to help them obtain land. Republican Government Brings Change to the South

17. Life after Slavery for African Americans Freedom meant a variety of things, including reuniting with family and the search for employment. Some moved west or north, but most stayed in the South. Most eagerly sought education and began to establish their own institutions, including churches and schools. The churches became centers of community life. A wide variety of other organizations were created, including debate clubs, drama societies, trade associations, fire companies, and mutual aid societies. Freedmen were taking the lead to improve themselves and gain control of their lives.

18. Reconstruction and Land Ownership Giving away planters’ land to former slaves was considered too extreme. Instead, Congress passed a law setting aside 45 million acres of government-owned land to provide free farms. Southern Homestead Act Under the new sharecropping system the employer provided the land, tools, seed—basically everything but the labor. If able, some switched to tenant farming,renting the land they farmed from the landowner. Independence was difficult. New labor system Southern cities grew rapidly. Atlanta and other cities became business centers, with textile mills and other manufacturing ventures being built. Workers still earned lower wages in the South, and many were locked in a cycle of debt. Industrial growth

19. Reconstruction Collapses • The Main Idea • A variety of events and forces led to the end of Reconstruction, which left a mixed legacy for the nation. • Reading Focus • What problems caused support for Reconstruction to decline? • What events brought Reconstruction to an end? • What was Reconstruction’s legacy for the South and for the rest of the nation?

20. Terrorist Groups Reconstruction brought violent opposition throughout the South. The KKK and similar organizations wanted to restore the old political order. Their methods included threats, house burnings, and killings against not only blacks but whites as well. State governments were unable to control violence. Enforcement Acts Three Enforcement Acts were passed, setting heavy penalties for anyone attempting to prevent a qualified person from voting. They banned the use of disguises and gave the army and federal courts power to capture and punish KKK members. While the KKK was soon brought under control, other groups continued to operate. Problems with Reconstruction

21. Support declines White southerners felt the Acts threatened individual freedoms. Northerners were dismayed that the army was still needed to keep the peace in the South. State governments were seen as ineffective. There was widespread poverty and lack of land reform for African Americans. Lost faith Costly building programs raised taxes and put state governments in debt. Liberal Republicans helped the Democrats regain control of the House of Representatives. Economic factors came into play, with the depression that began in 1873 taking more attention. Problems with Reconstruction

22. The End of Reconstruction Three Supreme Court decisions seriously weakened the goals and operations of Reconstruction. The Slaughterhouse Cases, United States v. Cruikshank, and United States v. Reese served to limit the impact of the 14th and 15th Amendments. Supreme Court decisions Violence increased, and southern Democrats grew stronger and bolder. Grant refused assistance since the northern public was “tired out” by South’s continuing problems. By 1876 Redeemers had won back almost all of the states. Redeeming the South The presidential election was disputed with charges of massive voting fraud. With the Compromise of 1877 Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops in the South, and in return, Rutherford B. Hayes became president. The election of 1876

23. Reconstruction’s Legacy The 14th and 15th Amendments began permanent changes across the United States. Former slaves were now citizens with voting rights. The New South was becoming industrial, but in many ways it remained the same. White southerners deeply resented that the federal government controlled their states. For a century after Reconstruction ended, the South was know as the Solid South, always voting Democratic. It was not until the 1970s that the Republican Party was able to gain ground in the South.