Minerals

1. Minerals

2. one of micronutrient substances . • these elements deposited in the rock ,go to soil, then to plants , animal eat it ,then go to human . • inorganic elements • has vital role in human metabolism { building ,activity ,regulating ,transmitting ,& controlling } • Na ,K [ shift of body water ] • Ca ,ph provide structure of the body framework

3. Iodine need for thyroid hormone • 2% of Ca need to build the skeletal tissue . • ** types of minerals : • 1- major mineral • - found in large amount • -seven major minerals ( ca ,Mg ,Na ,K,ph ,sulfur & chloride ) • 2- Trace elements : • - found in small amount • - as iron ,iodine ,zinc ,copper ,Manganese ,fluoride

4. Major minerals: @ calcium : 10- 30 % of ca in diet is absorbed -absorption of ca take place in small intestine especially in acidic media of duodenum -** factors increasing ca absorption : 1- vit D hormone : - consider as control agent of ca absorption - vit D carry ca in the duodenum to mucosa of cell then to blood circulation 2- body need : -growth -state of hypocalcaemia -pregnancy -lactation More ca is absorbed 3-diatery protein & CHO : - greater percentage of ca is absorbed when the diet is high in protein -lactose enhances ca absorption through the action of lactobacilli which produce lactic acid & lower intestinal pH 4- acidity : - acidic media of intestine enhance ca absorption

5. ** factors decreasing ca absorption : • vit D deficiency • dietary fat : excess fat decrease ca absorption • fiber & other binding agent • alkalinity : decrease ca absorption in alkaline media

6. N.B : in elderly person & post menopausal women the ability to absorb ca is reduced • ** ca output : • 70-90 % of ca remains to be eliminated in the feces,small amount of ca may be excreted in the urine • - daily requirement of ca 200mg \ day • ** ca in the bone : • 99% of ca storage in bone & teeth • ** ca in the blood : • 1% of ca circulate in the blood & other body fluid

7. **control agent of ca balance : parathyroid hormone : -release PTH to maintain normal level of ca -stimulate intestinal mucosa for ca absorption -stimulate kidney to excrete phosphorous 2- vit D hormone . 3-calcitonin : special C cell in the thyroid gland ,it prevent abnormal rise in serum ca

8. ** functions of ca : bone formation tooth formation general metabolic function blood clotting nerve stimulation muscle contraction & relaxation cell membrane permeability enzyme activation

9. ** clinical problems : • tetany : decrease ca • rickets • osteomalachia • osteoporosis • hypercalcemia ,renal stone • food source of ca : milk ,cheese egg ,green vegetables , nut ,grains

10. ** phosphorous : • 1% of total body weight • closely associated with ca ,called metabolic twin • absorbed in the jejunum • ph found in bone ,blood ,& cells • ph under control of PTH& vit D

11. ** physiological function of ph : bone & tooth formation general metabolic activity absorption of glucose & glycerol transport of fatty acid ,phospholipids energy metabolism ( ATP) buffer system [ control acid –base balance in the blood

12. ** hypophosphatemia : celiac disease rickets osteomalachia hyperparathyroidism symptom include muscle weakness

13. ** hyperphosphatemia : Renal disease Hypoparathyrodism food source : milk & milk product ,lean meat *sodium : -absorbed through small intestine -excreted through kidney under effect of aldestrone hormone

14. ** physiological function of Na : water balance . acid base balance cell permeability muscle action food source : salt used in cooking ,milk ,meat ,egg, carrot

15. ** potassium : -mainly found inside the cell -has significant effect on muscle activity especially heart muscle -absorbed in small intestine -excreted through kidney

16. ** physiological function of K : water ,acid base balance muscle activity CHO metabolism Protein synthesis Food source : grains ,fruit banana orange ,green vegetables **manganese : Mg present in all body cell -has role in energy production & build tissue -it also aid in normal muscle action - found in fruit ,nut ,grain

17. ** chloride : out side of the cell help in control water acid –base balance highest concentration in the spinal fluid found in HCL hydro choleric acid