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Diagnosis of viral infections. CultureDetection of viral nucleic acidsDetection of viral antigensSerologyTest for immune response to virus. Virus Culture. Some viruses cannot be culturedSamplingfluids, excreta, tissue, depending on symptoms and circumstancesLaboratory animalsEmbryonated eggsCell culturePrimary cell culturesDiploid cell strainsContinuous cell linesTransformation.
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1. Laboratory virology
3. Virus Culture Some viruses cannot be cultured
Sampling
fluids, excreta, tissue, depending on symptoms and circumstances
Laboratory animals
Embryonated eggs
Cell culture
Primary cell cultures
Diploid cell strains
Continuous cell lines
Transformation
6. Primary cell culture
7. Subculture
9. Cultured cells Primary
Heterogeneous many cell types
Closest to animal
Technical hassle
Diploid cell strain
Relatively homogeneous fewer cell types
Further from animal
Technically less hassle
Continuous cell line
Immortal
Most homogeneous
Genetically weird furthest from animal
Hassle free
Suspension or monolayer
10. Transformation Immortalization
Loss of contact inhibition
Anchorage independence
Growth in soft agar
Growth in suspension
Tumor formation in athymic (nude) mice
11. Recognition of viral growth in cell culture Cytopathic effect (CPE)
Morphological changes
Inclusion bodies
Hemadsorbtion
13. CPE: vaccinia
15. CPE: inclusion bodies
16. Hemadsorbtion
18. Assay of viruses Biological
Plaque assay
Transformation
Endpoint Method: TCID50, EID50, ID50, LD50
Physical, biochemical
Hemagglutination
Direct particle count
Immunological tests for proteins
Assay for nucleic acid (Southern, PCR)
Enzymatic (reverse transcriptase for retroviruses)
Comparison of quantitative methods
19. Plaque formation
20. Plaque
21. Plaque formation
23. Plaque assay
24. Transformationloss of contact inhibition
27. Hemagglutination
30. Direct particle count
34. Serology Neutralization
Hemagglutination inhibition
Western blot
ELISA, radioimmune assay (RIA)
38. Summary Four main clinical diagnostic techniques
Culture, serology, antigen detection, nucleic acid detection
Virus culture
Not all viruses can be cultured
Cultured cell types
Cytopathic effect
Virus quantitation
Biological
Physical
Basic serological techniques