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The Stormy Sixties: 1960-1968

The Stormy Sixties: 1960-1968 Chapter 38 AP Notes Objectives… Describe the high expectations of Kennedy’s New Frontier and political obstacles… Analyze the theory and practice of Kennedy’s doctrine of “flexible response” Describe Johnson’s succession to the presidency in 1963…

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The Stormy Sixties: 1960-1968

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  1. The Stormy Sixties: 1960-1968 Chapter 38 AP Notes

  2. Objectives… • Describe the high expectations of Kennedy’s New Frontier and political obstacles… • Analyze the theory and practice of Kennedy’s doctrine of “flexible response” • Describe Johnson’s succession to the presidency in 1963…

  3. 1960 Election • R.M. Nixon v. J.F. Kennedy • Obstacles for Kennedy…. • Age • Religion • Promises… • Liberal Consensus…

  4. The Debates… Kennedy Strengths V. RMN Weaknesses

  5. What were the results of the 1960 election?

  6. Camelot….

  7. The Kennedy Cabinet • “The Best and the Brightest” • McGeorge Bundy – NSA • Robert McNamara – Secretary of Defense • Dean Rusk- • Sec. of State • RFK- Attorney General

  8. Kennedy’s New Frontier.. • Higher minimum wage • Greater federal aid to education • Increased Social Security • Medical care for the elderly • Support for public housing • Anti-poverty measures – influenced by Michael Harrington’s The Other America

  9. Successes…. • Slight increase in minimum wage • Modest expansion of Social Security • Higher Education Act 1963 • Area Redevelopment Act for Appalachia • Manpower Retraining Act of 1963… • NASA…. • Commission on the Status of Women • Equal Pay Act of 1963

  10. Race to the Moon • In April, 1961 the USSR put the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin • JKF increased funding to NASA, $33 billion by 1969 • Cape Canaveral and Houston Space Center were built • JFK pledged to go to the moon by the end of the 1960’s • Universities expanded science programs, new industries and technologies emerged

  11. JFK and Civil Rights • At first wanted to avoid the issue – too controversial • RFK was ordered to investigate racial injustices in the South • He sent federal troops to desegregate Old Miss (James Meredith) • He sent federal marshals during the Freedom Rides • Sent a Civil Rights bill to Congress in 1963

  12. Kennedy on CR? • Appointed approx. 40 African Americans to high federal positions • Thurgood Marshall apptd. to federal appellate court • Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity – fight discrimination in federal civil service and in corporations with government contracts • Invigorate CR division of Dept. of Justice

  13. The Freedom Riders? • Test the Court’s decision to end segregation on buses and public places • 1961 – interracial CORE group rode interstate buses • Attacked and beaten by white mobs in Birmingham and Anniston, AL • One bus was firebombed • In Montgomery riders were beaten with bats and pipes

  14. How did the government respond to the violence? • RFK sent 400 Federal Marshals for the rest of the ride • The ICC banned segregation in all interstate travel

  15. Integrating Ole Miss • Sept. 1962 – air force veteran James Meredith won his case to enroll • Gov. Ross Barnett refused to let him register • RFK sent federal marshals – Barnett encouraged resistance • Riots  2 killed, 169 marshals injured • JFK sent 5,000 troops Meredith went to school

  16. Meredith being escorted by Federal Marshals

  17. Birmingham, Alabama • MLK – challenged discriminatory hiring practices and segregated public facilities • King arrested – “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”…. • May 2nd – 2,000 children marched… • Drew national attention – police used fire hoses, dogs, and beatings • Compromise agreement – forced desegregation

  18. Kennedy’s response? • Confrontations of 1960s disturbed him • Began to move more in favor of Civil Rights • Proposed a bill calling for an end to segregation in public places, banned discrimination wherever federal funding involved – advanced desegregation of public schools • Kennedy’s approval rating went up • Southern senators blocked the legislation

  19. June 11, 1963 – Kennedy addressed the nation – Civil Rights bill

  20. March on Washington • CR leaders planned the march to get support for Kennedy’s bill • August, 1963 – 250,000 people from all over the U.S. • Called for jobs and freedom • MLK – “I Have a Dream” speech

  21. March on Washington - 1963

  22. Failures…. • Over 300 bills sent to Congress – less than 50% passed • Congress rejected federal aid for : • Medical care for the elderly, education, cities, and mass transportation • Reasons? Close election – Kennedy doesn’t have a mandate and opposition from southern democrats and conservative republicans

  23. JFK’s Domestic Legacy? • Strengthened executive branch • White House staff appointed by the President made many key decisions…

  24. Kennedy’s Foreign Policy? • Shifted from aggressive containment to efforts at easing tensions • At first built up nuclear and conventional weapons • Increased defense budget • Created elite force – Special Forces – Green Berets to supplement CIA covert operations

  25. Peace Corps • Young volunteers • Sent to third world nations for 2 years • Provide technical support and educational assistance • Epitomized Kennedy’s ideal of service by idealistic youth

  26. Peace Corps – 35,000 volunteers in 60 nations Alliance for Progress – offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries ($20 billion in aid) – A Marshall Plan for Latin America

  27. Kennedy and Vietnam… • Pursued containment • Supported the Diem against southern Vietnamese insurgents – Vietcong • Sent Green Berets and military advisors • 1963 sent 16,000 support and combat troops to support Diem • Diem’s regime corrupt – failed to win support of the people

  28. Buddhist monk burning himself to death in protest over Diem’s repressive regime.

  29. Kennedy and Vietnam… • South Vietnamese army continued to disintegrate • 1963 with knowledge of the CIA – a group of Vietnamese generals assassinated Diem and his top advisers • South Vietnam will be ruled by a series of generals for the duration of the war

  30. Berlin Wall? • 1961 – JFK met with Khrushchev in Vienna to discuss the future of Germany • Khrushchev wanted a permanent division and to force U.S. out of W. Berlin • 3 million East Germans had fled to W. Berlin since end of WWII • Kennedy tried to stand up to him – asked Congress for increased defense funding • Soviets built the wall

  31. The Bay of Pigs… • Jan. 1, 1959 – Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba • Many were sympathetic… • Eisenhower and CIA • Suspicious of land reforms • Revoked U.S. aid • Castro turned to the S.U. • U.S. severed diplomatic relations

  32. The Invasion? • CIA trained and armed Cuban exiles for an invasion • Kennedy inherited the plan – but decided against air force cover • CIA thought there would be a popular uprising • It was a disaster and an embarrassment to Kennedy

  33. Cuban Missile Crisis… • Most serious confrontation of the Cold War • Castro fearing U.S. invasion asked for Soviet assistance • S.U. sent intermediate range nuclear missiles to Cuba • U.S. U-2 flights took pictures of missile silos – • U.S. saw this as a direct threat to American cities

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