process

1. Process Introduction. Types of Processes. Process Strategy in the industry. Factors affecting Process Design. Tools

3. Introduction The information generated during the product design phase specifies how the product must be, but not how to organize the production process to make it (equipment, labor skills required, etc.). Process Design specifies how the activities that Operations must carry out should be developed: Guiding the election and selection of technologies. Clarifying the quantity and type of resources to be acquired, when to be acquire and their availability. Process design and redesign is intimately related to Product Design: Concurrent or Simultaneous Engineering.

4. Process Selection and System Design

5. Process Introduction Classification of Processes Process strategies at the Industry Factors that affect (or are affected by) the Process Selection. Tools SPC, SMED� Documents Work Measurement and Standards Job Place Design Line Balancing Measuring Process Performance Queueing Theory

10. Continuous Flow An often automated structure that converts raw materials into finished products in one continuous process. Same operations are made in the same equipment to make the same product, reducing waiting time. Objectives: Improvement of material flow and operations. Workers specialization: Increasing speed and added value.

11. Types of Processes Flexibility and Costs By Projects Job Shop Flow Shop Assembly Line Continuous

12. Process Introduction Classification of Processes Process strategies at the Industry Factors that affect (or are affected by) the Process Selection. Tools SPC, SMED� Documents Work Measurement and Standards Job Place Design Line Balancing Measuring Process Performance Queueing Theory

13. Process Strategy in the industry Manufacturing Process Life Cycle Processes go through different phases as products do. Interdependency between Product and Process Life Cycles: Process Life Cycle: Affects manufacturing costs, quality and production volumes, which affects sales volumes. Product Life Cycle: Influences the type of manufacturing process that can be economically and financially justified.

14. Process Strategy in the industry Product-Process Matrix

16. Process Strategy in the industry The Product-Process matrix and the Competitive Advantage The Product-Process matrix helps companies define where their competencies are, concentrating their attention in a limited group of decisions and process alternatives, as well as a limited group of Marketing options. When the company considers at the same time products and processes, it can increase its probability of success. Place in the matrix and Competitive priorities Organization of the Operations and the Product-Process matrix

17. Process Strategy in the industry The Product-Process matrix and the Competitive Advantage Place in the matrix and Competitive priorities Operations Management priorities change as the Product-Process combinations change. I.e.- Flexibility vs. Standardization Each company has to take into account its traditional focus when positioning in the matrix: Market oriented: Flexibility and Quality. Manufacturing oriented: Costs and Process Leadership. Organization of the Operations and the Product-Process matrix

18. Process Strategy in the industry The Product-Process matrix and the Competitive Advantage Place in the matrix and Competitive priorities Organization of the Operations and the Product-Process matrix Paying attention to the process that makes the company more competitive, the company will be able to manage the development of the operations involved per line of products. The knowledge about how the different positions in the matrix affect manufacturing will lead the company to suggest changes in Operations Management. Companies that compete with several products in different markets will probably have their products in different stages of the life cycle: Companies should separate and organize their processes in different areas focalized in the different life cycles.

19. Process Introduction Classification of Processes Process strategies at the Industry Factors that affect (or are affected by) the Process Selection. Tools SPC, SMED� Documents Work Measurement and Standards Job Place Design Line Balancing Measuring Process Performance Queueing Theory

20. Process Selection and System Design

21. Factors affecting Process Design Capital Investment Flexibility Vertical Integration / Outsourcing Nature of Demand Quality of the product or service Customer participation The Learning effect Financial Planning and Evaluation

22. Factors affecting Process Design Capital Investment Combination of equipment and human resources at the manufacturing process. The new manufacturing technologies provide a wide variety of available options: As the mechanical and/or automated operations increase, more capital is required. Most of the available options require a high capital investment, which create a high risk in case our sales volumes (and therefore our production volumes) are lower than the expected.

23. Factors affecting Process Design Flexibility A production process is more flexible when their equipment and human resources are able to manage a wider variety of products, outputs, responsibilities and functions, at a reasonable cost and time frame. Capital vs. Flexibility

24. Factors affecting Process Design Flexibility Flexibility affects the type of human resources required and their job stability: More training is required. Job stability is more variable for companies working by projects or job shop type of process. Flexibility is one of the best ways to get a reliable customer service and reduces bottle necks.

25. Factors affecting Process Design Vertical Integration/Outsourcing The degree of vertical integration is related to the number of processes at the supply chain that are carried out by the own company. The vertical integration can generate savings when the company has the necessary skills to carry out some processes at a lower cost and better quality. If the resources acquired are basic, the company may loose competitiveness with non-vertical integration. Outsourcing is interesting when a resource consumption is low, and its efficient management has a certain economy of scale. Outsourcing is used as well when the technology to be used is so complex that being competitive requires a big effort not balanced with the benefits obtained.

26. Factors affecting Process Design Nature of the demand Manufacturing processes have to have the necessary capacity to support the demand of products and services that the company is going to offer. Seasonality, tendency and other characteristics of the demand are going to affect the capacity required over the time. Some processes are able to expand and contract more easily than others. The final selection of processes will be affected by the estimated demand. Price: If it�s high, consumers will tend to buy less and vice versa. To fix the price, the company has to take into account factors like advertising costs, sales force, financial conditions, services provided to the customer, specific designs, inventory and delivery policy, quality, etc., at the same time than the costs related to manufacturing. It should be coordination between product price and process selection, due to the competitive advantages provided by the different types of processes

27. Factors affecting Process Design Quality of the product or service Quality is a competitive advantage in the current business environment. The level of quality to be offered will affect directly the selection of the production process. The level required is directly related to the level of automation of the process, since the automatic equipment manufactures products with a high and consistent uniformity. Customer participation Services that require higher contact with the customer generally need less capital investment and have more flexibility. Customer presence normally affects the process efficiency in a negative way, which increases cost.

28. Factors affecting Process Design The Learning effect The working hours required per unit of product represent a decreasing function of the number of cumulative production units. This reduction of working hours (and therefore cost) are based on the gain of experience in design of products and services, automation and capital investment, as well as changes in methods and experience of the working force. Companies competing in price try to have high manufacturing volumes to take advantage of the learning effect, and therefore have a lower cost.

29. Factors affecting Process Design Financial Planning and Evaluation Operation managers are continuously looking for new and different ways of producing that: Increase productivity. Follow the Operations Strategy. Provide sufficient profit to justify the capital investment required. Each type of process has different capital requirements, thus limiting the company�s possibilities of process selection in case of limited financial resources.

30. Process Introduction Classification of Processes Process strategies at the Industry Factors that affect (or are affected by) the Process Selection. Tools SPC, SMED� Documents Work Measurement and Standards Job Place Design Line Balancing Measuring Process Performance Queueing Theory

31. Tools and Concepts Simplify/Mechanize/Automate/Integrate SMED CAD/CAM Statistical Process Control Bottlenecks

32. How much is the profit? A company manufactures 2 products P & Q. Sale price of P is 90 � and Q price is 100 �/unit. Weekly Demand is 100 units for P and 50 units for Q. Both products require the same PC component, the raw material of which worths 20 �/unit. To transform PC 15 minutes of a given resource B are required and 5 minutes of a given resource C. Product P also requires Component 1 (C1) that should be transformed from a raw material that cost 20 �/unit, and it requires 15 minutes of a given resource A and 10 minutes of C. To assembly PC with C1 a new component C3 is required with a cost of 5 �/unit and 5 minutes of the D resource. Product Q follows a very similar process. To manufacture C2 raw material with a cost of 20 �/unit is needed, and it is processed using 20 minutes of A and 15 minutes of B. Then resource D assembles PC with C2 during 5 minutes. Each week has 5 days of 4 hours. Total cost are 3600 �/week.

33. Process Introduction Classification of Processes Process strategies at the Industry Factors that affect (or are affected by) the Process Selection. Tools SPC, SMED� Documents Work Measurement and Standards Job Place Design Line Balancing Measuring Process Performance Queueing Theory

34. Work Measurement and Standards The Purpose of Work Measurement is to set time standards for a job. Such standards are necessary for 4 reasons: To schedule work and allocate capacity. To provide an objective basis for motivating the workforce. To bid for new contracts and to evaluate performance on existing ones. To provide benchmarks for improvement. Methods Time Study (stop watch) Work Sampling (observing a sample) Predetermined times Elementary standard data Reference points. Reference Book (B.W. Niebel, Motion and Time Study) How long would it take? How much does it cost? How many people do you need? How long would it take? How much does it cost? How many people do you need?

35. Time Study A time study is generally made with a stopwatch, either on the spot or by analyzing a videotape for the job. The job or task to be studied is separated into measurable parts and then timed individually. Some general rules Define each work element to be short in duration but long enough to be timed and the time can be written Separate activities related with machine from the rest. Define any delays or acyclic activities. After a number of repetitions, collection times are averaged. Normal Time = Observed Performance Time x Performance Rating Standard Time = NT x (1 + Allowances)

36. Work Sampling Three primary applications Determine the activity-time percentage for personnel or equipment. Performance measurement to develop a performance index for workers. Evaluate time standards to obtain the standard time for a task. Five Steps Identify the specific activities that are the main purpose for the study. Estimate the proportion of time of activity of interest of the total time. State the desired accuracy in the study results. Determine the specific times when each observation is to be made. At two or three intervals during the study period recompute the required sample size by using the data collected thus far.

37. Predetermined Motion Times (MTM, MODAPTS, )

38. Process Introduction Classification of Processes Process strategies at the Industry Factors that affect (or are affected by) the Process Selection. Tools SPC, SMED� Documents Work Measurement and Standards Job Place Design Line Balancing Measuring Process Performance Queueing Theory

39. Documents Flowchart.A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process, depicting inputs, outputs and units of activity. It represents the entire process at a high or detailed (depending on your use) level of observation, allowing analysis and optimization of workflow.It can serve as an instruction manual. Assembly Drawing: An exploded drawing containing a set of number parts combined to make a complet product. Value Stream Map: Value stream mapping is a paper and pencil tool that helps you to see and understand the flow of material and information as a product or service makes its way through the value stream.

43. Three types of flow diagram 1. Single object, follow single object or person 2. Assembly 3. Action decisionThree types of flow diagram 1. Single object, follow single object or person 2. Assembly 3. Action decision

47. Multi Activity Charts If columns represent people -> gang chart people and machines ->human-machine chart left/right hand chart If columns represent people -> gang chart people and machines ->human-machine chart left/right hand chart

48. Process Introduction Classification of Processes Process strategies at the Industry Factors that affect (or are affected by) the Process Selection. Tools SPC, SMED� Documents Work Measurement and Standards Job Place Design Line Balancing Measuring Process Performance Queueing Theory

49. Job Design (I) Job design is the function of specifying the work activities of an indidividual or a group in an organizational setting. The objective is to develop job structures that meet the requirements of the organization and its technology and that satisfy the job holder�s personal and individual requirements. Trends of Job Design Decisions Quality control as part of the workers job Cross training workers to perform multiskilled jobs Employee involvement and team approaches to designing and organizing work �Informating� ordinary workers through internet, email� Extensive use of temporary workers Automation of heavy manual work Organizational commitment to providing meaningful and rewarding jobs for all employees.

50. Job Design (II) The improvement of the job methods leads to a higher level of specialization. A workplace with a high level of specialization covers a narrow set of tasks, high repetitive levels, and, hopefully, high efficiency and quality. Specialization produce benefits as quicker training and faster working rates. This way of working has also some disadvantages as worker demoralization, reduces flexibility and increases the work of upper levels of management. To avoid those disadvantages: Wider jobs Job enlargement (horizontally expanded) Job enrichment (vertically expanded) Job Rotation Socio-Technical Systems Task variety Skill variety Feedback Task identity Task autonomy

51. Process Introduction Classification of Processes Process strategies at the Industry Factors that affect (or are affected by) the Process Selection. Tools SPC, SMED� Documents Work Measurement and Standards Job Place Design Line Balancing Measuring Process Performance Queueing Theory

52. Line Balancing Introduction Line Balancing Mathematical Programming Model Heuristic Methods Yamazumi Duration of the Tasks Longer than Cycle Time Other Considerations. Mixed Model Assembly Line

53. Introduction The design of the line, constraints the alternatives when scheduling the activity of the line. A decision on the productive system (in the long term): Defines the allocation of facilities. Constrains the sequence (lines with mixed models). Constrains the production volumes (lines multi-model).

54. Assembly line

55. Production Organization

56. Use of the Assembly line Advantages Performance increase due to the�learning effect. Reduces the difficulty of the task. Increases the team work, avoiding isolations. Constant rate of work. Ongoing quality control. Disadvantages Alienation. Less flexibility. El uso de la L�nea de Montaje Ventajas Incremento de efectividad debido al efecto aprendizaje. Reduce la dificultad de la tarea. Fomenta el trabajo en equipo, evitando las islas. Ritmo de trabajo constante y definido. Control aut�nomo de defectos. Inconvenientes Alienaci�n del trabajador. P�rdida de flexibilidad. El uso de la L�nea de Montaje Ventajas Incremento de efectividad debido al efecto aprendizaje. Reduce la dificultad de la tarea. Fomenta el trabajo en equipo, evitando las islas. Ritmo de trabajo constante y definido. Control aut�nomo de defectos. Inconvenientes Alienaci�n del trabajador. P�rdida de flexibilidad.

58. Objectives. Capacity Minimization of total idle time (maximization of the use of the line). Minimization� of product flow-time. Balance the levels of capacity used at the workstations. Cost Minimization� of the machinery costs, tools or idle equipment. Minimization� of the costs of materials or reworks. Minimization of the costs by adjustment and change. Organizational-social Job Enrichment Modifications at the Line balancing

59. General definitions.(I) Operation: Smaller unit of work than cannot be divided without creating an unnecessary interference. Workstation: Segment of the line where a set of operations is executed. Characterized by its surface, machinery or type of assigned work. Line Balancing: Process to assign operations to workstations. It intends to assign personal or equipment of efficient way to obtain the performance maximum. Cycle time: Amount of time between two consecutive products. Balance Efficiency: It indeed represents the percentage of invested total time in making products. Station Pitch: The distance of a product and the one that follows to him in the conveyor belt.

60. General Definitions. (II) Bounds between operations. Precedence Relations. Imposed generally by technological constraints. �Operation�'�' cannot be made if before the 'h' has not taken place� In the case of linear configurations, this implicates that 'h' will have to be in the same station that 'i' or in a previous one, but never in a following one.

61. General Definitions. (III) Positive Zoning. It is compulsory to locate an operation in the same station that another one. Operations that need the same tool Operations that need the same ability on the part of the worker Operations that need the same physical training conditions Negative Zoning or incompatibility. It is demanded that an operation is not in the same station that another one. Position of the unit in the line (Operations to be made at the right side are not compatible with those to be made at the left) Exigency of a high specialized workers Processes of painted sandpapering and of surfaces Allocation of varied activities to avoid monotony. Limit Zone. It is demanded that certain operations are assigned to stations previous or next to one given Fixed zone of material arrival. Zone of preparation or control.

62. General Definitions. (IV)

63. General Definitions. (IV)

64. Line Balancing Introduction Line Balancing Mathematical Programming Model Heuristic Methods Duration of the Tasks Longer than Cycle Time Other Considerations. Mixed Model Assembly Line

65. Resolution Procedures for problem SALBP 1. Exact methods Mathematical Programming Models Exact algorithms of directed exploration and dynamic programming. Heuristic methods Constructive. Based on rules and strategies Heuristic of a single one happened. Simple Composed Heuristic with backward movement Approaches from exact algorithms Others

66. Model of PLM of problem SALBP1.

67. Heuristic procedures Although nonexact, some heuristic procedures provide solutions that can be considered acceptable. The known procedures of constructive type more are the bound ones to the duration of the task or the number of consequent. One of them chooses to assign to the open station the task with greater duration than still it fits in the station. The alternative procedure chooses to assign to the open station the task with greater number of consequent. Procedimientos Heur�sticos Aunque no exactos, algunos procedimientos heur�sticos proporcionan soluciones que se pueden considerar aceptables. Los procedimientos de tipo constructivo m�s conocidos son los ligados a BBBBB. Uno de ellos elige para asignar a la estaci�n abierta la tarea con mayor duraci�n que a�n quepa en la estaci�n. El procedimiento alternativo elige para asignar a la estaci�n abierta la tarea con mayor n�mero de consecuentes.Procedimientos Heur�sticos Aunque no exactos, algunos procedimientos heur�sticos proporcionan soluciones que se pueden considerar aceptables. Los procedimientos de tipo constructivo m�s conocidos son los ligados a BBBBB. Uno de ellos elige para asignar a la estaci�n abierta la tarea con mayor duraci�n que a�n quepa en la estaci�n. El procedimiento alternativo elige para asignar a la estaci�n abierta la tarea con mayor n�mero de consecuentes.

68. Yamazumi

69. Objectives. Capacity Minimization of total the idle time (maximization of the use of the line). Minimization� of products flow-time in the line. Balance the levels of capacity use at the workstations. Cost Minimization� of the machinery costs, tools or idle equipment. Minimization� of the costs of materials or reworks. Minimization of the costs by adjustment and change. Organizational-social Job Enrichment Modifications in the Line balancing

70. Line Balancing Introduction Line Balancing Mathematical Programming Model Heuristic Methods Yamazumi Duration of the Tasks Longer than Cycle Time Other Considerations. Mixed Model Assembly Line

74. Process Introduction Classification of Processes Process strategies at the Industry Factors that affect (or are affected by) the Process Selection. Tools SPC, SMED� Documents Work Measurement and Standards Job Place Design Line Balancing Measuring Process Performance Queueing Theory

75. Measuring Process Performance Productivity: Ratio of Output to Input Effiency: Ratio of Actual output to some standard. Utilization: Ratio of the time that a resource is actually activated relative to the time that it is available for use. Cycle time (takt time): Average time between the completion of succesive units. Run Time: time required to produce a batch of parts Setup Time: is the time required to prepare a machine to make a particular item. Operation Time: sum of setup and run time. Throughput time: time that unit spents actually being transformed or waiting. Throughput rate: output rate that the process is expected to produce over a period of time. Process velocity: Total throughput divided by Value Added Time Value Added Time: Time that useful work is actually done

76. Process Introduction Classification of Processes Process strategies at the Industry Factors that affect (or are affected by) the Process Selection. Tools SPC, SMED� Documents Work Measurement and Standards Job Place Design Line Balancing Measuring Process Performance Queueing Theory

77. Queueing Theory Little�s Law: The size of a queue is proportional to the input rate and the average throughput time.