Kyung Hee University Choong Seon Hong September 2011

Introduction to NGN (Next Generation Network) Kyung Hee University Choong Seon Hong September 2011

Objectives • Explore technical, operational and commercial issues - overlaps • Numbering, interconnection, quality • Backbone and transit options • Migration and roll-out of new services • Retail and interconnection charging models

Two Big Streams ITU ? IETF ITU : International Telecommunication Union IETF : Internet Engineering Task Force

The changed market • Common network technology - IP • Diverse access technologies - xDSL, WiFi, WiMax, CDMA, LTE, self managing radio • New management concepts - user provided services, self configuring networks • Liberalisation - anyone can do almost anything • Network competition - telcosvs Internet Market is out of “control” NGN is subject to “uncontrolled” market forces Users have real diverse choices

Telecommunication Network Transformation • As strong drivers transform the telecom business model, CTO‘s are facing significant challenges; Implications of the transformation of a Legacy Network towards NGN Drivers of Network Transformation NGN Model Legacy Network Model Market/Customers • Strong Competition in the Telecom market Place Services & Applications PSTN Data PLMN Services, Switching, Network Mgmt. Transmission / Transport Move to NGN: from a vertically layered to a horizontally layered network architecture Services Open Protocols e.g.. Parlay, OSA, JAIN Network Management, Business support layer, enabling capabilities Call / Session Control • Trend towards converged services • Integrated Services (Quadruple Play) • Differentiated Services Open Protocols e.g.. SIP, MGCP, H.248 Transport & Connectivity Technology • Obsolescence of TDM Technology • Open Architectures • New Access Technologies • New Terminal Devices Impact of Network Transformation • Business model must be reviewed and adjusted • Operations and business processes must be changed • Organization structure must be adapted • Human resources profile must be adjusted Platforms/Production • Limited growth with legacy NW • Increased OPEX for legacy NW • Emerging Vendors PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network

The effect of real competition • Innovation is accelerating, eg Voice over Internet, public WiFi, xDSL, TV over telephone wires • Growing pressure on excessive prices • Usage based charges are disappearing • Battle between telco complexity and Internet simplicity

Critical issues for NGN • Copy past telco models and practices or develop new simpler ones? - Who is studying new simpler models? • What will be the new services that will justify new investment? • What will users pay for that is not available more cheaply on the Internet? - quality? security? • Who will be the leaders? Incumbents? Will regulation, eg interconnection structures, be a barrier to development?

PSTN Migration paths - replacement Analog/ISDN UNIs IP-based UNIs PSTN on IP Core Circuit switched core IP core Convergence? New services on IP Core NGN Other ? Telephony over xDSL Voice over Internet TV over xDSL “Plain old Internet” Home Gateway

Migration paths - overlay Analog/ISDN UNIs IP-based UNIs PSTN PSTN on IP Core Circuit switched core IP core overlay IP core New services on IP Core NGN Convergence? Other ? Voice over Internet Telephony over xDSL TV over xDSL “Plain old Internet” Home Gateway

IP-based UNIs PSTN Replacement and protocols Analog/ISDN UNIs Emulation ? Circuit switched core IP non-IMS core IMS or non-IMS core ??? New services on IP Core IMS core …and which protocol at interconnection points (SIP-I/T or SIP-IMS)? …how many stages of migration (2 or 3)? Will there be two NGNs - a PSTN replacement and a separate new services platform? The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol, widely used for controlling multimediacommunication sessions such as voice and video calls over Internet Protocol (IP). IMS : IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)

What new services? • With terminal liberalisation, networks only provide packet pipes - should packet pipes be standardised to make interconnection easy? • The focus on service capabilities is drawing attention away from the need to develop new services with terminals

1st Stage Clustering 2nd Stage Clustering 3rd Stage Clustering NGN Services • Analyze Current, Planned, and Future Telecommunications Services for the NGN infrastructure Transport QoS PSTN Access Web Portal Presence IT Capabilities 3rd Party Delivery Transport Predictability Sensory Interfaces Predictability & Broadcast Network Services IT Billing, Security.. Audio • Telephony • Telephone Conference • VoIP (e.g. Skype) • Audio Streaming • Audio on Demand/ Download Audio-Visual • Video Phone • Video Phone Conference • Video on-Demand • Video Download • Video Sharing Core Services IPTV Visual Data • Web Page • VideoSupervision • Web Camera • Data on Demand • Data Sharing • Data Streaming/ Broadcasting • Data Conferencing(Gaming)

Dimensioning NGN • What traffic will it carry ? • Telephony  • Video-telephony  • TV and radio delivery ? • Email ? • Web browsing ? • Internet access traffic ? • Why put any non-delay sensitive traffic on NGN?

Introduction to Future Internet

History of Internet Growth (1) • Stage One: Research and Academic Focus (1980-1991) • Debate about which protocols will be used (TCP/IP) • The National Science Foundation (NSF) took a leading role in research networking • NSFNet1: “supercomputer net” • NSFNet2: a generalized Internet (thousands of Internet nodes on U.S campus) • The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) created open standards for the use of the Internet • Request for Comments (RFC) standards documents

History of Internet Growth (2) • Stage Two: Early Public Internet (1992-1997) • Federal Networking Council (FNC) made a decision to allow ISP to interconnect with federally supported Internets • The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) adopted Tim Berners-Lee’s work on the World Wide Web • Mosaic, Netscape started us down the path to the browser environment today • It was watershed development that shifted the Internet from a command-line, e-mail, and file-transfer inthe kind of user interface to the browser world of full-screen applications • In the fall of 1996, a group of more than thirty University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development (UCAID) • Subsequently become known as Internet2

History of Internet Growth (3) • Stage Three: International Public Internet (1998-2005) • The Internet achieved both domestic and international critical mass of growth • Fueled by giant bubble in Internet stocks that peaked in 2000 and then collapsed • Fiber-optic bandwidth Improvements to gigabit-per-second levels, and price-performance improvements in personal computers • xDSL, FTTH, etc. • The “bubble” years laid the foundation for broadband Internet applications and integration of voice, data, and video services on one network base

History of Internet Growth (4) • Stage Four: Challenges for the Future Internet (2006-?) • The Internet has become a maturing, worldwide, universal network • Recently debated policy issues: net neutrality • Two of the few surviving U.S. telcos intended to levy special surcharges on broadband Internet traffic based on the application and on the company • Millions of Internet users • Growth in functionality and value of the net could never happened if there had been discrimination in managing packet flow • If the telco’s well funded campaign succeeds • Then Progress toward universal and affordable broadband access would be further delayed

Recall of Internet (’74) • Design Goals • (0) To connect existing networks • (1) Survivability • (2) To support multiple types of services • (3) To accommodates a variety of physical networks • (4) To allow distribute network management • (5) To be cost effective • (6) To allow host attachment with a low level of effort • (7) To allow resource accountability • Design Principles • Layering (design goal – 0, 3) • Packet Switching (design goal – 5) • A network of collaborating networks (design goal – 1, 4) • Intelligent end-system / end-to-end arguments (design goal – 1, 5) • DHCP (design goal – 6), SNMP (design goal – 7)

Changes of Networking • Environment • Trusted => Untrusted • Users • Researchers => Customers • Operators • Nonprofits => Commercial • Usages • Host-oriented => Data-centric • Connectivity • E2E IP => Intermittent Connection

Assumptions • Incremental Design • A system is moved from one state to another with incremental patches • How should the Internet look tomorrow ? • IETF and IPv6 perspective • Clean-Slate Design • The system is re-designed from scratch • How should the Internet look in 15 year ? • Future Internet • It is assumed that the current IP’s shortcomings will not be resolved by conventional incremental and “backward-compatible” style designs. So, the Future Internet designs must be made based on clean-slate approach.

Problem Statement (1/4) 1. Basic Problems 1.1. Routing Failures and scalability • The problems have been examined as being caused by mobility, multi-homing, renumbering, PI routing, IPv6 impact, etc. on the current Internet architecture. 1.2. Insecurity • As current communication is not trusted, problems are self-evident, such as the plague of security breaches, spread of worms, and denial of service attacks. 1.3. Mobility • Current IP technologies was designed for hosts in fixed locations, and ill-suited to support mobile hosts. • Mobile IP was designed to support host mobility, but Mobile IP has problems on update latency, signaling overhead, location privacy, etc.

Problem Statement (2/4) 1.4. Quality of Service • Internet architecture is not enough to support quality of service from user or application perspective. • It is still unclear how and where to integrate different levels of quality of service in the architecture. 1.5. Heterogeneous Physical Layers and Applications • Recently, IP architecture is known as a “narrow waist or thin waist”. • Physical Layers and Applications heterogeneity poses tremendous challenges for network architecture, resource allocation, reliable transport, context-awareness, re-configurability, and security. 1.6. Network Management • The original Internet lacks in management plane. Narrow Waist for Internet Hourglass (Common Layer = IP) Source : Steve Deering, IPv6 :addressing the future

Problem Statement (3/4) 1.7. Congestive Collapse Current TCP is showing its limits in insufficient dynamic range to handle high-speed wide-area networks, poor performance over links with unpredictable characteristics, such as some forms of wireless link, poor latency characteristics for competing real-time flows, etc. 1.8 Opportunistic and Fast Long-Distance Networks Original Internet was designed to support always-on connectivity, short delay, symmetric data rate and low error rate communications, but many evolving and challenged networks do not confirm to this design philosophy. • E.g., Intermittent connectivity, long or variable delay, asymmetric data rates, high error rates, fast long-distance communications, etc. 1.9. Economy and Policy The current Internet lacks explicit economic primitives. There is a question of how network provider and ISP continue to make profit.

What is Future Internet? (1) • Need to resolve the challenges facing today’s Internet by rethinking the fundamental assumptions and design decisions underlying its current architecture • Two principal ways in which to evolve or change a system • Evolutionary approach (Incremental) • A system is moved from one state to another with incremental patches • Revolutionary approach (Clean-slate) • The system is redesigned from scratch to offer improved abstractions and/or performance, while providing similar functionality based on new core principles • It is time to explore a clean-slate approach • In the past 30 years, the Internet has been very successful using an incremental approach • Reaching a point where people are unwilling or unable to experiment on the current architecture

What is Future Internet? (2) • Future Internet? • Clean Slate design of the Internet’s architecture to satisfy the growing demands • Management issues of Future Internet also need to be considered from the stage of design • Research Goal for Future Internet • Performing research for Future Internet and designing new network architectures • Building an experimental facility

Merits & Demerits of Current Internet • Merits • The original Internet design goal of robustness • Network architecture must not mandate recovery from multiple failures, but provide the service for those users who require it • Openness: low barrier to entry, freedom of expression, and ubiquitous access • Demerits • “Nothing wrong – just not enough right” • Pervasive and diversified nature of network applications require many functionalities • Current network architecture doesn’t support • E.g., TCP variants for high bandwidth delay product networks, earlier work on TCP over wireless networks, and current effort towards cross-layer optimization

Research Institute for Future Internet (1) • US NSF • Future Internet Design (FIND) • Global Environment for Networking Innovations (GENI) • European Commission • Future Internet Research and Experimentation (FIRE) • EIFFEL’s Future Internet Initiative • EuroNGI & EuroFGI • FP7

Research Institute for Future Internet(2) • AsiaFI by CJK • China : NSFC & MOST • 973 Fundamental Research Project • MOST 863 High-tech Project • CNGI Project • JAPAN • NICT’s NeW Generation Network (NWGN) • Japan Gigabit Network II (JGN2) • AKARI Project • KOREA • Future Internet Forum (FIF)

Sensor Network in the Future Internet and NGN Environments- Layers in the Ubiquitous Sensor Networks

Thinking and Execution!!

Thank you ! Q & A

Kyung Hee University Choong Seon Hong September 2011