Financial Crime Reporting

1. Financial Crime Reporting Presentation By : Tanka Mani Sharma Director General Department of Customs 20 May , 2011 NAFIJ/BPC

2. MONEY,MONEY,MONEY

3. Criminal Activity for MONEY

4. Financial Crime ??? • Financial crimes are crime against property, involving the unlawful conversion of the ownership of property (belonging to one person) to one's own personal use and benefit. • Financial crimes may involve fraud (cheque fraud, credit card fraud, mortgage fraud, medical fraud, corporate fraud, securities fraud , bank fraud, payment fraud, healthcare fraud; • Theft; scams or confidence tricks; tax evasion; bribery; embezzlement; identity theft; money laundering; forgery , production of Counterfeit money and consumer goods. • Other Financial crimes are Computer crime, elder abuse, burglary, armed robbery, and even violent crime such as robbery or murder. • Financial crimes may be carried out by individuals, corporations, or by organized crime groups. Victims may include individuals, corporations, governments, and entire economies. • Financial Crime reporting is generally analyzing and reporting of above mention and other related crimes.

5. Organized crime magnitude

6. Financial Crimes -Types - Corporate Fraud/ including Banking Fraud- Securities and Commodities Fraud- Health Care Fraud- Mortgage Fraud- Identity Theft- Insurance Fraud- Mass Marketing Fraud -Tax Evasion . Revenue Leakage.- Money Laundering

7. Corporate Frauds- Activities • (1) Falsification of financial information, including:(a) False accounting entries(b) Bogus trades designed to inflate profit or hide losses (c) False transactions designed to evade regulatory oversight • (2) Self-dealing by corporate insiders, including:(a) Insider trading (b) Kickbacks (c) Backdating of executive stock options(d) Misuse of corporate property for personal gain (e) Individual tax violations related to self-dealing • (3) Fraud in connection with legitimately-operated mutual or hedge fund:(a) Late trading (b) Certain market timing schemes(c) Falsification of net asset values(d) Other fraudulent or abusive trading practices by, within, or involving a mutual or hedge fund • (4) Banking Fraud ; Banking Crime Act – Crimes specified in the Act. • Example -Nepal Development Bank , Gorkha Development Bank etc.

8. Bank and Money Laundering • Placement • Layering • Integration • Erase the link of crime, money and the owner.

9. Securities and commodities Fraud • Market Manipulation (“Pump and Dump”) • Broker Embezzlement . • Late Day Trading : As like making your bet after you've seen your opponent's cards. • High Yield Investment Fraud- • Ponzi Scheme-which is named after early 20th century criminal Charles Ponzi. These schemes use money collected from new victims, rather than profits from an underlying business venture, to pay the high rates of return promised to earlier investors • Pyramid Schemes –Networking Business. • Prime Bank Investment Fraud- Schemes of reputed banks. • Advanced Fee Schemes • Hedge Fund Fraud and Mutual fund Fraud. • Commodities Fraud – Generally high value ornaments and precious metals.

10. Foreign Currency Fraud • Foreign Currency Fraud: The perpetrators of these frauds are foreign currency trading firms that entice individuals into investing in the spot foreign currency (Forex) market by false claims and high pressure sales tactics. • Additionally, individual currency traders employed by large financial institutions may manipulate Forex prices and divert profit to themselves. Corrupt currency trading firms use fraudulent sales practices including false and deceptive guarantees of future return on investment. • These firms may even create artificial account statements that reflect a purported investment in the Forex market when, in reality, no such investment has been made. • When the currency trading firms actually invest clients’ funds into the Forex market, they do so not with intent to conduct a profitable trade for the client, but merely to "churn" the client's account. • Churning creates large commission charges benefitting the trading firm at the expense of the client's interests.

11. MORTGAGE FRAUD The increased reliance by both financial institutions and non-financial institution lenders on third-party brokers has created opportunities for organized fraud groups, particularly where mortgage industry professionals are involved. • Combating significant fraud in this area is a priority, because mortgage lending and the housing market have a significant overall effect on the nation's economy. • Each Mortgage Fraud scheme contains some type of "material misstatement, misrepresentation, or omission relating to the property or potential mortgage relied on by an underwriter or lender to fund, purchase or insure a loan.

12. Insurance- Corporate Fraud • Insurance companies hold customer premiums which are forbidden from operational use by the company. However, when funding is needed, unscrupulous executives invade the premium accounts in order to pay corporate expenses. • This leads to financial statement fraud because the company is required to "cover its tracks" to conceal the improper utilization of customer premium funds. • Premium Diversion/Unauthorized Entities - The most common type of fraud involves insurance agents and brokers diverting policyholder premiums for their own benefit. Additionally, there is a growing number of unauthorized and unregistered entities engaged in the sale of insurance-related products. • As the insurance industry becomes open to foreign players, regulation becomes more difficult. Additionally, exponentially rising insurance costs in certain areas (i.e., terrorism insurance, directors'/officers' insurance, and corporations), increases the possibility for this type of fraud .

13. Mass Marketing Fraud • Mass Marketing Fraud is a general term for frauds that exploit mass-communication media, such as telemarketing fraud, Internet fraud, and identity theft. • Advanced communications, including computers, speed dialing, automatic dialing, and facsimile machines, along with modern conveniences such as credit cards, electronic banking, and television have led to tremendous growth in mass marketing. • Illegal mass marketers use three primary methods to identify potential victims. • First, they may contact individuals with whom they have had no prior contact and attempt to scam these individuals. • Second, they prompt prospective victims to contact the mass marketing operation by sending them communications that guarantee substantial awards or other benefits. • Third, many mass marketers purchase lists of people who are known to have been victims of prior fraud schemes. These individuals are often receptive to investing in other schemes. The most common mass marketing schemes are: • Advanced Fee Fraud • Foreign Lottery Fraud • Overpayment Fraud (Forged/Altered Check Scam)

14. IDENTITY THEFT • Identity theft involves the misuse of another individual's personal identifying information for fraudulent purposes. It is almost always committed to facilitate other crimes, such as credit card fraud, mortgage fraud, and check fraud. • Personal identifying information, such as name, Social Security number, date of birth and bank account number is extremely valuable to an identity thief. • With relatively little effort, an identity thief can use this information to take over existing credit accounts, create new accounts in the victim's name or even evade law enforcement after the commission of a violent crime. Identity thieves also sell personal information online to the highest bidder, often resulting in the stolen information being used by a number of different perpetrators. • Identity theft can be very difficult for consumers to deal with, as they often do not know they have been defrauded until they are denied credit or receive a call from a creditor seeking payment for a debt incurred in their name.

15. Nigerian Letter Scam (419 Fraud) • - In Nigerian Letter Scams, an e-mail, fax, or letter is sent to a victim claiming there are millions of dollars either from an exiled head of state, political refugee, a pseudo-governmental company or a deceased relative (inheritance) in an account in a foreign country. • The funds are supposedly in a security company and the victim is asked to help get the funds to the U.S. The victim is asked to wire numerous fees in conjunction with getting the funds released from the foreign country and sent to the U.S. The victim is promised a percentage of these funds for his assistance. • In other cases, the victim is provided a check to pay the "fees" required, which, after the victim pays the "fees," turns out to be fraudulent. (419 Frauds are named after the Nigerian Penal Code Section 419.)

16. Business in Financial Crime(ML)

17. Techniques of Financial Crime • A. Banking- Smurfing and transfers through banking channels. • B. Non-Bank financial Institutions –Remittance, money orders . • C. Non-Financial Businesses or Professions-Facilitators /advisors • Black Market currency Exchange • The use of gold in the Middle East, and the use of precious gems in Africa. • Some terrorists use Islamic banks to move funds. • Real businesses-false invoicing , false import export declaration. • Real estate companies • Commercial trade and transactions through free trade zones. • Casinos , internet casinos etc.

18. Money Laundering ? • Money laundering is the process of creating the appearance that large amounts of money obtained from serious crimes, such as drug trafficking or terrorist activity, having originated from a legitimate source. • In US -financial transactions to conceal the identity, source, or destination of illegally gained money. • In UK -taking any action with property that disguise the fact. • Clean" money= Legally obtained. • "Dirty" money =Illegally obtained. • Laundering = Making dirty money clean . • ML= Making Black money to White money.

19. Sources and Uses of MLFT Funds

20. Nepal- Current Situation • 2005 Mutual Evaluation • 2oo8 Anti-money laundering Act. • National Coordination Committee. • Financial Information Unit (FIU) at NRB • Investigation Agency (DRI) • 2010 Targeted Evaluation .( Critical Analysis) • High Risk Jurisdiction- Global Warning Position. • Working Committee./Awareness and Interim plan. • Latest Letter from the FATF President 27 October. • Compliance date- December 2010 – Already been ove

21. FATF Observations. • Improving AML/CFT Jurisdiction-On going process. • Certain strategic AML/CFT deficiencies remain. • (1) adequately criminalizing MLTF (R 1 and SR II); • (2) establishing and implementing adequate procedures to identify and freeze terrorist assets (SRIII); • (3) implementing adequate procedures for the confiscation of funds related to ML (R 3) • (4) enacting and implementing appropriate mutual legal assistance legislation (R 36).

22. The FATF Recommendations • Financial Action Task Force created in 1989 ,G7 summit. • FATF report 1990, • 40 recommendations in 4 groups. • Legal System • Banking, Measures to be taken to prevent MLFT (c)Institutional and other measures for combating MLFT. (d) International cooperation. • 9 Recommendations regarding CFT after 9-11-2001

23. 9 Special Recommendations • I Ratification and implementation of UN instruments • II.Criminalising the financing of terrorism and associated money laundering • III.Freezing and confiscating terrorist assets • IV.Reporting suspicious transactions related to terrorism • V.Internationalco-operation (Information Exchange) • VI.Alternativeremittance (Western union etc) • VII.Wiretransfers Daily 700,000. • VIII.Non-profit organisations (Transparency) • IX.Cash couriers ( Declaration in the customs point)

24. UN Security Council Resolution 1267 &1373 • 1267 known as the Al-Qaida/Taliban Sanctions Committee . • 3 Sanctions-assets freeze , travel ban, and arms and embargo. • Sanctions against terrorists, terrorist support networks and terrorist organization related to Al Qaida, Osama Bin laden, and Taliban. • Requires freezing the funds/ other assets of persons who are designated by the Un Security Council 1267 committee . • Currently app.484 names.(392 individuals 92 entities ) • Persons whose funds/ other assets should be frozen in the context of UNSCR 1373( national designations).

25. Nepal’s Position(KOC) • Nepal Ranking –High Risk • Status of 49 recommendations . • C= Fully complaint =0 • L= Largely Complaint=3 • P=Partially Complaint=9 • N=Non complaint =34 • NA=Not applicable =3 • Corruption-146 out of 180( TI 2010) • Ease of doing business 116 out 0f 183.(WB 2010)

26. SR III – Regional Compliance • Non compliance(NC) 13 = Bangladesh, Chinese Taipei, China, Cambodia, Fiji, Indonesia, Magnolia , Myanmar, Nepal, Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Vietnam . • Partially Compliance(PC) 12 =Brunei , Macao china, Srilanka , Vanuatu, Hong Kong China, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Thailand, Pakistan, Philippines, Solomon Island. • Largely Compliance(LC) 7= Cook Islands, India, Malaysia, Australia , Canada, Singapore, United States. • Fully Compliance (C) = 0, • C=0, LC-7, PC 12, NC13.

27. High Risk and non-cooperative Jurisdictions High Risk and Higthend Risk Jurisdiction. Rated in 2001-2006 Evaluation • Cookislands,Dominica,Egypt,Grenada,Guatemala • Hungary,Indonesia,Isreal,Lebanon,the Marshall Island • Myanmar, Nauru, Nigeria, Niue, the Philippines, Russia, Saint Christopher and • Nevis, Saint Vincent and grenadines and Ukraine. • Now most of them upgraded as complaint. Deficiencies Rated 8 countries (2008) • Iran, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, São Tomé and Principe, and the northern part of Cyprus.

28. Financial Crimes(ML) -Practices • Under ground Economy. Alternate Banking ( Hundi---) • Anti-blocs /Isolated countries -Financing Terrorist. • “ Narcoterrorists ". (Closely linked to the narcotics trade.) • Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)Such as-; • Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, (FARC), • The United Self Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) • SenderoLuminoso (Shining Path) in Peru, • IRA in USA , GIA in Algeria , Al-Qaeda , • SriLankan rebels, Armenian terrorist etc. • Financing charitable organizations. • Investing in cash based business. • PEPs ( Politically Exposed persons.)

29. Investigation Experiences . • In 2007-2008, FINTRAC disclosed a total of 210 cases • 171 ML , 10 cases MLTF , 29 cases TF and security threats. • Fraud -investment/securities and telemarketing fraud . • Drug-related activities- cocaine . • Money services businesses (MSB), including FOREX dealers; • Telecommunications businesses; and Car sales/rentals. • Open-loop and closed loops cards used to online gambling . • Internet payment systems (IPS) and their variants, • Digital precious metals (DPMs), exploited for MLFT

30. AML in Cooperative , securities and future markets • The global anti-money laundering guidelines for private banking issued in 2000 .( Apply in Financial Coop also) • Ten major international private banks in Wolfsberg , and the responsibility of capital market regulators in the fight against money laundering and terrorism. • “The US Department of Justice feels a separate anti-money laundering act should be enacted to plug the influx of bad money in the capital market. • Bahrain Stock Exchange (BSE) anti money laundering regulations is comprehensive . • Greece , Virginia , India, Kenya, comprehensive guidelines to cooperatives for AML.

31. Nepal –Criminal Activities • Various Criminal activities has been increased. • Hijack, Abduction, Extortion ,Kidnapping, • Gambling, Smuggling and Tax Evasion • Counterfeiting, Drug trafficking, • Bribery/Corruption • Prostitution , Murder, Rape, • Cyber crime , Call bypass etc. • Travel document forged. • Forgery VAT Bill, • Under and Over Invoicing

32. Nepal- Nature of Financial Crimes Involvement of PEPs - Sudan Darfur Scandal-NB Bank Case. Involvement of PEPs in Corruption. Feke import for foreign Currency.( Matihani and Rasuwa) Assassinations increased in Dolpa (Paush 17) Rs 3million looted in Butawol near Laxmi Bank- from Goenka Steels , Sanju Sharma . ( Paush 18) 6 Persons caught with pistol –Bahuni Morang ( Paush 18) Drugs in Comfort housing -Woman / Holland Nathalia kelmand. 25 kg . People from 25 Countries doing Drugs business, transit. 142 foreigners caught during -2004-2010 in drugs case. Nigeria,Japan,Poland,Pakistan,Portugal,Phillipines,Iran,Singapore, Thailand,Ukrain,Germany,UK,Russia,Austria,Denmark,Ivorycoast,TanzaniBelgium ,Netherland,UAESouth Korea , Afaghanisthan ,China , Myanmar , Combodia.

33. Nepal-Nature of Financial Crimes • Repeated same person carrying Drugs –Nepalganj • Bangladeshi –VOIP Telecom call by pass scandals. • Over 50000 passports forged in six months. • Mass deforestation / Smuggling- Forest official involvd. • Stone Export, India- 2000 cubic meter daily-Prez Concern. • Scarcity of Energy – Load shedding / Jholama Khola. • Dabur Nepal case in CIAA . Ambassador found GM . • Smuggling increased in various customs points • Motorcycle caught 589 – license, Parking , Structure change. • Chinese donated rice sold in Gorkha . Dustbins taken away. • More than 4000 people missing, annually , Women missing in abroad. • Cyber Café (ISP) disobey to maintain logbook. • Latest- Forgery VAT Bill, ML one ml dollar NB bank case.

34. What went wrong in Nepal • Open Market –No monitoring. • Privatization- No post Evaluation. • Deregulation- Difficult to register ,Easy to run. • Weak Governance – Strong Stakeholders. • Weak bureaucracy- Strong Unionism. • Weak Regulators- Strong Stakeholders. • Open Boarder- Security Threat. • Weak Law and order –Increased crime . • Overall causes is weak governance system.

35. Implications of Financial Crime • Social, economic and security threat. • Under ground economy . Parallel Banking. (Hundi....) • Loss in tax revenue . • Dirty money holding banks collapsed. • Clean money withdrawal increases . • Dirty money creates false demand , and sudden disappearance financial sector falls apart. • Genuine business falls ,unable to compete with ML. • Their objectives is only to clean money not to make profit. low price sale. Lastly economy collapses.

36. Combating Financial Crimes • UN conventions and UNSCR 1267,1373 • Other International Conventions and Directives. • Bank Secrecy Acts ,Anti money Laundering Acts. • USA PATRIOT Act (commonly known as the "Patriot Act") • Information Technology. Compulsory Bank Transaction. • International and local legal measures against MLFT. • International and local confiscation measures. • Involvement of Financial and Banking Sectors(FIUs) • Strong Enforcement Agencies with adequate legal Authority. • High level Bureau of Economic Crime Control (BECC) • Involvement of High level officials and PEPs.(??)(News Follow) • After all- Regular monitoring and reporting by media.

37. Reporting Financial Crime • Collect detail Information about the crime. • Analyze the facts and figures. • Gather information about international practices. • Compare with similar types of previous events. • Study relevant Acts, Rules, Regulation and Literature. • Contact with the appropriate authorities for clarification. • Consult with the experts if needed. • Analyze the consequences. • Information for further justification and follow up . • Concentrate or Focus on result.