Natural Language Interfaces

1. Natural Language Interfaces

2. Natural Langauge Processing (NLP) The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2 (1,728,099 sq mi), and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market,[13] enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade,[14]agriculture,[15]fisheries, and regional development.[16] Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished.[17]A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome. The original members of what came to be known as the European Communities, were the Inner Six; Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. The Communities and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the United Kingdomenacted the result of a membership referendum in June 2016 and is currently negotiating its withdrawal. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship.[18] The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. The European Union provides more foreign aid than any other economic union.[19] Covering 7.3% of the world population,[20] the EU in 2016 generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of 16.477 trillion US dollars, constituting approximately 22.2% of global nominal GDP and 16.9% when measured in terms of purchasing power parity.[citation needed] Additionally, 27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[21] Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, and the G20. Because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower.[22]

3. IBM Watson

4. Speech recognition

5. Speech recognition

6. Chatbots

7. Dialogue systems (chatbots) Database lookup • Webshops • Call centers • Decision support systems Navigation systems Tutoring

9. Text Semantic representation Dialogue strategy Semantic representation of the answer Text Theorical architecture processing/understanding generation

10. Turing test

11. Chatbots today • Questiontemplates (regularexpressions) and slot-basedanswers (bag-of-words) • onlyworksinverynarrowdomains • question-answer bank • trytocontrolthediscussion, askverysimplequestions • theycollectdialouges and usedataforhand-craftingrules (ormachinelearning)

12. Question answering

13. Question answering (QA) • Input: a natural language question • Output: • the document with an answer (similiar to information retrieval) • the relevant paragraph (or an abstractive summary) • the answer itself

14. Type of questions • yes/no • factual (person name, date, etc.) • definition • list • How? Why?

15. QA Architecture • extractingthekeywordsfromthequestion • creatingqueriesbuiltfromthekeywords Wheredid Petőfi born? „Petőfi * bornin” • queryingbigdatasets • relevancyscoring of paragraphs/sentences (similarity, in-documentpositionetc)

16. (other) NLP applications

17. Machine Translation • translating whole texts from a source language to a target language • Computer Aided Translation (CAT) • Why and how? • EU spends 1 billion € per year on official translations • Quick access of internet text in foreign language (Google Translate)

18. Differences among languages • lexical differences • red vs. vörös, piros

19. Document classification classification of documents into pre-defined categories (document can be multimodal, like text + image)

20. Applicationareasfordocumentclassification since 1961! • Filtering (spam, news) • Organisation (e.g. advertisment) • CRM routing • automatic assesment of exams  Topic detection

21. Documentclustering andautomaticlabeling Linguistics Machine Learning Probability therory

23. Information extraction

25. InformationretrievalvsInformationextraction

26. Named Entity Recognition person, organisations, locations, etc United States Department of Homeland Security semantic class: Ford normalization:FC Barcelona and Barca

27. Event extraction • Relations among entities • Events

28. Sentiment analysis opinion about products, parties, ideas based on various aspects

29. Summarisation • Summary: short, butreliablerepresentation of thedocumentscontent • short? • contentfromwhichaspect? „I took a speed-reading course and read War and Peace in twenty minutes. It involves Russia.” Woody Alen

30. Keyword extraction Set of words/phrases(=multiword expressions) to describe the content of document(s)