Cell Membrane, Transport, Enzymes, & Energy

1. Cell Membrane, Transport, Enzymes, & Energy Unit 4 Review

2. The Cell Membrane helps maintain Homeostasisby regulating transportof materials in/out of the cell.

3. Function of the Cell Membrane The Cell Membrane is like the of the cell because it controls what can come in and out of the cell. Security Guard

4. PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE The Cell Membrane is the barrier between the cytoplasm and the ExtraCellular Fluid (outside)of the Animal Cell. In Plant Cells (and other types), it separates the cytoplasm from the Cell Wall.

5. Cell Membrane Structure Phospholipids make up the majority of both layers of the cell membrane. Carbohydrate chains (glycolipids & glycoproteins) are always on the OUTSIDE of the membrane. Cholesterol adds structure and stability to the cell membrane. It makes up about 20% of the cell membrane.

6. Phospholipids Hydrophilic phosphate heads = love water Hydrophobic fatty acid tails = repel water

7. Phospholipid Bilayer

8. This process is called Diffusion. Solute The sugar molecules are spreading out. Solvent

9. Molecules always move from HIGHconcentration to LOWconcentration. It takes added ENERGY to move from low concentration to high concentration. Semipermeable means that it is selective about what can enter or leave, kind of like a picky eater.

10. Molecules that easily diffuse across the membrane are Hydrophobic(O2/CO2) or SMALL& Uncharged/Polar(H2O). Sugars can NOT diffuse because of SIZE (too big). Ions can NOT diffuse because of CHARGE (charged & large molecules can not get across).

11. This is called moving WITHthe concentration gradient (HIGHto LOW). Does the cell have to use energy for this? NO This is called PASSIVETransport.

12. The diffusion of WATER is called OSMOSIS. This means that H2O is moving from where there is MOREH2O & LESSsolutes TO where there is LESS H2O & MOREsolutes. Does the cell have to use energy for this? NO This is called PASSIVETransport.

13. Hypotonic Solution= Cell swells because H2O diffuses (osmosis) INTO the cell. Animal cells may burst. Plant cells have increased turgor pressure but are protected by their cell walls.

14. Isotonic solution = SAME concentration as the cytoplasm of the cell. H2O diffuses (osmosis) IN & OUT of the cell at the same rate. The cell stays the same size.

15. Hypertonic Solution = Cell shrinks because H2O diffuses (osmosis) OUT of the cell.

16. Facilitated Diffusion HIGH Concentration LOWConcentration Large or polar molecules MUST diffuse through a Channel Protein

17. Concentration Gradient

18. Does the cell have to use energy for this? NO This is called PASSIVETransport.

19. HIGH Concentration LOW Concentration

20. Active Transport LOW Concentration to MUST USE ENERGY HIGH Concentration

21. ACTIVE TRANSPORT This is moving AGAINSTthe concentration gradient (LOWto HIGH) Does the cell have to use energy for this? NO That is why it is called ACTIVETransport! (ATPis the energy molecule) ENERGY

22. This is called the SODIUM (Na+)/POTASSIUM (K+) Pump Active Transport! The Na+/K+ Pump moves 3Na+ ions out of the cell & 2K+ ions into the cell for every molecule of ATP. This ION PUMP controls Neuron function.

23. Other Transport Mechanisms Into the cell Out of the cell Import Export

24. Phagocytosis = takes in food/large particles Pinocytosis = takes in fluid Receptor Mediated = will only take in specific molecules Types of Endocytosis

25. Vesicle from Golgi Apparatus

27. Paramecia have a Contractile Vacuolethat allows water to be pumped OUTof the cell because they live in a HYPOTONICenvironment. This takes ENERGYbut it allows them to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

28. Contractile Vacuoles

29. ENZYMES ENZYMES are PROTEINS that are used in many chemicals reactions. They are necessary for living things because they SPEED UP (accelerate) important chemical reactions by lowering the amount of ACTIVATION ENERGY needed to start the reaction. Enzymes & Substrates have to fit together (complementary shapes) at the ACTIVE SITE so they are very specific Enzymes are reusable because they are not permanently changed in the reaction. Enzymes help weaken or form chemical bonds so that the reaction takes less energy to occur.

30. Higher Cost (more energy required) LOWER Cost (less energy required) Activation energy is like the COSTof the reaction & the enzyme is like a COUPON because it lowers the cost.

31. Enzyme-Substrate Complex Reactants = SUBSTRATES Substrates bind to the enzyme at the ACTIVE SITE to provide a place for the reaction. The Enzyme is NOT permanently CHANGED in the reaction = Reusable

32. The Cell’s Energy Molecule = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate 3rd Phosphate group 2 Phosphate groups Ribose Adenine triphosphate Chemical bonds store ENERGY Adenosine

33. ATP - P = ADP RELEASESenergy This is called HYDROlysis

34. ADP  ATP This is called PHOSPHOrylation ADP + P = ATP STORES energy Glucose gets broken down during Cellular Respiration so that energy can be stored in ATP.

35. occurs in the occurs in the occurs in the The products go through the Is broken down during produces produces TOTAL36 produces Cellular Respiration Equation C6H12O6+ 6O26CO2+ 6H2O + 36ATP 32

36. Take the Multiple Choice Quiz & Check Your Answers!