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Mobile Learning & Semantic Web

Mobile Learning & Semantic Web. S. Garlatti. Plan. Technology-Enhanced Learning issues Technological Issues The Semantic Web Linked data E-Learning 2.0 & Personal Learning Environment (PLE) & LMS Semantic Web & Web 2.0. Technology-Enhanced Learning issues.

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Mobile Learning & Semantic Web

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  1. Mobile Learning& Semantic Web S. Garlatti

  2. Plan • Technology-Enhanced Learning issues • Technological Issues • The Semantic Web • Linked data • E-Learning 2.0 & Personal Learning Environment (PLE) & LMS • Semantic Web & Web 2.0 On Mobile Learning

  3. Technology-Enhanced Learning issues • Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) Systems • Personal learning environments: Web 2.0 tools • Capability to reuse learning ressources • Multimedia documents, web services, activities, scenarios, middleware components, HCI components, etc. • Capability to manage context-awareness • Context model: user, location, device, network, community, scenario, activity, sensor, etc. On Mobile Learning

  4. Technology-Enhanced Learning issues • Capability to allow dynamic adaptation to different learners based on • Substantial advances in pedagogical theories and knowledge models • Dynamic selection of relevant learning resources according to the current situation  Interoperability of learning resources? • Automation: computer-based selection? • Information retrieval: Very good quality !!!!!!! On Mobile Learning

  5. Technology-Enhanced Learning issues • For pervasive learning • Capability to obtain the information from the environment in which it is embedded and utilize it to dynamically build models of computing. • Acquisition and management of context models and adaptations • And ubiquitous learning • Integrating large-scale mobility with pervasive computing features • Previous issues become fundamental!!!!!! On Mobile Learning

  6. Technological Issues • How machine are able to select relevant resources? • It is a matter of information retrieval quality • Reuse of resources • How? On Mobile Learning

  7. Technological Issuesan Informal learning case • I plan to ride in Europe for vacation, on a motorcycle. • I need to learn more about travelling on motorcycle across Europe • Rider’s apparel: boots, jackets, pants, gloves, armor, etc. • Motorcycle accessories: luggages, side cases, topcases, tank bags, GPS, etc. • Riding issues, skills, etc. • According to my social networks, I know there is a teacher at Telecom Bretagne who used to ride across Europe On Mobile Learning

  8. Who is teaching at Telecom Bretagne and riding a motorcycle across Europe? On Mobile Learning

  9. Technological Issues • Google Information retrieval • Query : « teacher » « riding » « Europe » « Motorbike » • 613 000 results • How to find out relevant resources? • Polysemy • Huge number of results! On Mobile Learning

  10. Search in Telecom Bretagne Web Site On Mobile Learning

  11. Search in Motorcycle Web Sites On Mobile Learning

  12. Search in Picture Web Sites with Geolocalization On Mobile Learning

  13. Technological Issues • Relevance of resources? • Human interpretation • Reuse, exchange and sharing of resources • Computer would have the ability to get content meaning! • impossible? On Mobile Learning

  14. The Semantic Web • The Semantic Web is a web of data. • There is lots of data we all use every day, and it is not part of the web. • I can see my bank statements on the web, and my photographs, and I can see my appointments in a calendar. • But can I see my photos in a calendar to see what I was doing when I took them? • Can I see bank statement lines in a calendar? • Why not? • Because we don't have a web of data. • Because data is controlled by applications, and each application keeps it to itself. On Mobile Learning

  15. The Semantic Web • The Semantic Web is about two things. • It is about common formats for integration and combination of data drawn from diverse sources • On the contrary, the original Web is mainly concentrated on the interchange of documents. • It is also about language for recording how the data relates to real world objects (meaning). On Mobile Learning

  16. The Semantic Web • That allows a person, or a machine, to start off in one database, and then move through an unending set of databases which are connected not by wires but by being about the same thing. • Provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries • The Semantic Web will enable machines to COMPREHEND semantic documents and data, not human speech and writings. On Mobile Learning

  17. The Semantic Web • To make metadata machine processable, we need: • unambiguous names for resources (URIs) • a common data model for expressing metadata (RDF) • and ways to access the metadata on the Web • common vocabularies (Ontologies) • The “Semantic Web” is a metadata based infrastructure for reasoning on the Web • It extends the current Web (and does not replace it) On Mobile Learning

  18. The Semantic Web • Resource Description • Similar to simple sentence • SubjectVerbComplement • Examples • Telecom Bretagnehas a president called XXX • Telecom Bretagneis a French grande ecole  • Telecom Bretagnehas a web site http://www.tele... On Mobile Learning

  19. The Semantic Web • Sentence meaning • Different contexts  Different terms • « director », « president », « Dean », … • Meaning linked to communities of practices • Use of common vocabularies! • Named: Ontologies • An ontology determine a unique meaning to verbs and categories of subject and complement On Mobile Learning

  20. The Semantic Web • A little bit more formal • Telecom Bretagnedbpprop:presidentXXX (en) • Telecom Bretagnedbpprop:typeFrench Grande Ecole (en) • Telecom Bretagnedbpprop:websitehttp://www.tele... • Queries • French Grande Ecole in which XXX is president? • ?Grande_Ecoledbpprop:presidentXXX (en) • ?Grande_Ecoledbpprop:typeFrench Grande Ecole (en) On Mobile Learning

  21. The Semantic Web • Dbpedia web site • Wikipedia + semantic indexing • http://dbpedia.org/page/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications_de_Bretagne On Mobile Learning

  22. The Semantic Web • It is based on a common model • 1) Resource Description Framework (RDF) • Semantic metadata (RDF triples) • A Relational Model • 2) RDF Schema or OWL Ontology Web Language • Gives meaning to semantic metadata • An object model On Mobile Learning

  23. The Semantic Web • Definition • Gruber 1993: “An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization of a domain of interest” • Antonio G. et Al. 2005: An ontology is a formal specification of a conceptualization. It is an abstract and simplified view of the world that we wish to represent, described in a language that is equipped with a formal semantics. On Mobile Learning

  24. The Semantic Web: DBLP Ontology On Mobile Learning

  25. The Semantic Web: DBLP Publication • Properties or Relations • At_University (multiple University) • Author (multiple Person) • Book_Title • Cdrom • Chapter • Cities (multiple Publication) • Ee • In_Series (multiple Series) • ISBN • Number • Title • Volume • Last_Modified_Date • Month • Year On Mobile Learning

  26. The Semantic Web On Mobile Learning

  27. Linked Data • Linked Data • Is a term used to describe a method of exposing, sharing, and connecting data on the Web via dereferenceable URIs. • Principles (Tim Berners-Lee) • The Semantic Web isn't just about putting data on the web. It is about making links, so that a person or machine can explore the web of data.  With linked data, when you have some of it, you can find other, related, data. • Like the web of hypertext, the web of data is constructed with documents on the web. However, unlike the web of hypertext,  where links are relationships anchors in hypertext documents written in HTML, for data they links between arbitrary things described by RDF. The URIs identify any kind of object or concept. Source : Wikipedia, Tim Berners Lee On Mobile Learning

  28. Linked Data • Tim Berners-Lee outlined four principles of Linked Data in his Design Issues: Linked Data note, paraphrased along the following lines: • Use URIs to identify things that you expose to the Web as resources. • Use HTTP URIs so that people can locate and look up (dereference) these things. • Provide useful information about the resource when its URI is dereferenced. • Include links to other, related URIs in the exposed data as a means of improving information discovery on the Web. On Mobile Learning

  29. Linked Data • Linking Open Data Community Project • The goal of the W3C Semantic Web Education and Outreach group's Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a data commons by publishing various open datasets as RDF on the Web and by setting RDF links between data items from different data sources. As of October 2007, datasets consist of over two billion RDF triples, which are interlinked by over two million RDF links. (Wikipedia) On Mobile Learning

  30. Linked Data • Published data according to standards • RDF / RDFS / OWL • SPARQL Access Point • Query language + Access protocol The Web Will be a TremendousGlobal Database On Mobile Learning

  31. Linked Data On Mobile Learning

  32. Linked Data • Resources • http://esw.w3.org/topic/SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData/ • http://esw.w3.org/topic/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData/DataSets • http://esw.w3.org/topic/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData/CommonVocabularies • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_Data • http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html • http://events.linkeddata.org/iswc2008tutorial/ • http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/ On Mobile Learning

  33. Linked Data • DBpedia • Is a community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and to make this information available on the Web. DBpedia allows you to ask sophisticated queries against Wikipedia, and to link other data sets on the Web to Wikipedia data. • Resources • http://wiki.dbpedia.org/About • http://blog.dbpedia.org/ • http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dbpedia/dev/ontology.htm On Mobile Learning

  34. Linked Data • Examples • http://dbpedia.org/page/Amy_Winehouse • http://dbpedia.org/page/Brest%2C_France • http://dbpedia.org/page/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications_de_Bretagne • http://dbpedia.org/page/Berlin On Mobile Learning

  35. Linked Data • Dbpedia Sparql Endpoint • Query language SPARQL • http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ * • http://dbpedia.org/sparql • Namespaces have to be added On Mobile Learning

  36. Linked Data • PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX : <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> PREFIX dbpedia2: <http://dbpedia.org/property/> PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/> PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> • SELECT distinct ?name ?birth ?person WHERE { ?person dbpedia2:birthPlace <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Berlin> . ?person dbpedia2:birth ?birth . ?person foaf:name ?name . } ORDER BY ?name On Mobile Learning

  37. Linked Data • SPARQL results: • namebirthperson"Dru Berrymore":Dru_Berrymore/birth/birth_date_and_age:Dru_Berrymore"Dru Berrymore"@de:Dru_Berrymore/birth/birth_date_and_age:Dru_Berrymore"Walter Benjamin"@de:Berlin:Walter_Benjamin"Walter Benjamin"@de:Germany:Walter_Benjamin On Mobile Learning

  38. Linked Data • SELECT distinct ?name ?birth ?death ?person WHERE { ?person dbpedia2:birthPlace <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Berlin> .?person dbpedia2:birth ?birth .?person foaf:name ?name .?person dbpedia2:death ?death.} ORDER BY ?name • SELECT distinct ?name ?person WHERE {?person dbpedia2:birthPlace <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Berlin> .?person foaf:name ?name .} ORDER BY ?name On Mobile Learning

  39. Linked Data • SPARQL • pronounced "sparkle" [1]) is an RDF query language; its name is a recursive acronym that stands for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language. It is standardized by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium, and is considered a component of the semantic web. • Initially released as a Candidate Recommendation in April 2006, but returned to Working Draft status in October 2006, due to two open issues. [2] In June 2007, SPARQL advanced to Candidate Recommendation once again. [3] On 12th November 2007 the status of SPARQL changed into Proposed Recommendation. [4] On 15th January 2008, SPARQL became an official W3C Recommendation. [5] On Mobile Learning

  40. Linked Data • SPARQL • pronounced "sparkle" [1]) is an RDF query language; its name is a recursive acronym that stands for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language. It is standardized by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium, and is considered a component of the semantic web. • Initially released as a Candidate Recommendation in April 2006, but returned to Working Draft status in October 2006, due to two open issues. [2] In June 2007, SPARQL advanced to Candidate Recommendation once again. [3] On 12th November 2007 the status of SPARQL changed into Proposed Recommendation. [4] On 15th January 2008, SPARQL became an official W3C Recommendation. [5] On Mobile Learning

  41. Linked Data • The following simple SPARQL query returns all country capitals in Africa • PREFIX abc:<http://example.com/exampleOntology#> SELECT ?capital ?country WHERE { ?x abc:cityname ?capital ; abc:isCapitalOf ?y . ?y abc:countryname ?country ; abc:isInContinent abc:Africa . } On Mobile Learning

  42. Linked Data • Resources • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL • http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ • http://jena.sourceforge.net/ARQ/Tutorial/ • http://esw.w3.org/topic/SparqlImplementations • http://arc.semsol.org/home • http://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/wiki/main/Main/ On Mobile Learning

  43. E-learning 2.0 &Personal Learning Environment & LMS Social media tools On Mobile Learning

  44. E-learning 2.0 &Personal Learning Environment & LMS • E-learning 2.0 • Social media tools provide spaces for collaborative knowledge building and reflective practices. • Social media tools are used in informal learning settings commonly found outside formal and institutional learning environments. • Personal Learning Environments (PLE) has emerged from the combination of Web 2.0 and social media tools to support learning. On Mobile Learning

  45. E-learning 2.0 &Personal Learning Environment & LMS • Learning Management Systems are more geared towards course organization and learning resources delivery • A new approach • LMS + PLE • In formal and informal settings • to keep pedagogical structure and Web 2.0 richness On Mobile Learning

  46. E-learning 2.0 &Personal Learning Environment & LMS • How can I do that? • One account for all services! • Move my data from one service to another (eg. All my wordpress blog posts to Blogspot) • Move all my data from multiple services to a new one • See my data on a third-party service providing aggregation, like Friendfeed On Mobile Learning

  47. E-learning 2.0 &Personal Learning Environment & LMS • Needs • Distributed social networks and reusable profiles • Many identities and sets of friends on different social networks • Import existing profiles and contacts, using a single global identity with different views On Mobile Learning

  48. Semantic Web & Web 2.0 Web 2.0 [SKOS] Semantic Web On Mobile Learning

  49. Semantic Web & Web 2.0 “I think we could...have both Semantic Web technology supporting online communities, but at the same time also online communities can also support Semantic Web data by being the sources of people voluntarily connecting things together.” Tim Berners-Lee, ISWC2005 Podcast On Mobile Learning

  50. Semantic Web & Web 2.0 • FOAF (an acronym of Friend of a Friend) • Is a machine-readableontology describing persons, their activities and their relations to other people and objects.Anyone can use FOAF to describe him or herself. FOAF allows groups of people to describe social networks without the need for a centralised database (Wikipedia) • Everyone can create their own FOAF document and link to it from their homepage • FOAF documents usually contain personal info, links to friends, and other related resources On Mobile Learning

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