MULTIMETODOLOGI oleh: A. Wahyudi Atmoko JAKARTA 23 April 2009

1. UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA FAKULTAS PASCASARJANA DEPARTEMEN ILMU LINGKUNGAN MULTIMETODOLOGI oleh: A. Wahyudi Atmoko JAKARTA 23 April 2009

2. TOPICS: • Problem & Identification • Systems Intervention • Multimetodology • TSI

3. 1. PROBLEM & IDENTIFICATION • Jawab: • Apa problem yang teridentifikasi? • Mengapa menjadi problem? • Bagaimana cara Anda mengidentifikasi Problem tersebut? • Apa solusinya? • Bagaimana mendapatkan solusinya?

4. 2. SYSTEM INTERVENTION Sistem? • Konsep sistem mengandung: • element/unsur • Relationship • Boundary • Input & output • Environtment • Feedback • (Flood & Jackson, 1991)

5. Sifat2 Sistem 1. Sistem terdiri dari beberapa sub-sistem. Sistem menjadi bagian (sub-sistem) dari yang lebih besar. Systems are components in hierarchies. In another sense, hierarchies are systems & each system is itself a hierarcy (Laszlo in Schoderberk, 1985) Struktur & keterkaitan antar unsur/sub-sistem mengakibatkan kompleksitas. Detail Complexity = besarnya jumlah unsur/sub-sistem, ie: jml departemen.

6. 2. Sifat sebuah sistem hanya muncul apabila sistem bekerja secara menyeluruh. Sub-sistem tidak memiliki sifat sistem.

7. 3. Mengubah suatu sub-sistem mempengaruhi perubahan sistem, dan sistem akan melawan perubahan yang terjadi dalam sistem. 4. Dalam sistem terdapat sub-sistem yang dengan usaha kecil dapat mengakibatkan perubahan besar dalam sistem (leverage). “Small push in the right direction is enough” (Senge, 1990)

8. Kasus: Gula Menggila Int’l Trade Issue Ekspor + + Penimbunan Panen + - + + Stok Nasional + Supply + - B1 Penanaman Tebu + B3 - - + Isu Politik Harga Konsumsi Impor + + B2 B4 + + Minat Tanam + Subsidi - R1 + Spekulan

9. Hitung Jumlah Segitiga! Berapa Umur Wanita dalam Gambar ini? Apa Arti Gambar ini? Fakta dalam Gambar

10. Systems Thinking: suatu paradigma cara berfikir secara sistem (vs paradigma atomistik/mekanistik) A System: A collection of parts that interact with one another to function as a whole. A System is more than the sum of its part – it is the product of their interaction (Ackoff, 1993); A grouping of parts that operate together for a common purpose (Forrester, 1968).

11. Karakteristik Sistem • Simple: • a small number of elements; • few interactions between the elements; • attributes of element are predetermined; • well-defined laws govern behavior; • the ‘system’ does not evolve over time; • ‘sub-systems’ does not pursue their goal; • the ‘system’ is unaffected by behavioral influences; • the ‘system’ is lagely closed to the environment. • Pluralist • a large number of elements; • many interactions between the elements; • attributes of the elements are not predetermined; • interaction between elements is loosely organised; • they are probabilistic in their behavior; • the ‘system’ evolves over time.

12. Klasifikasi Partisipan • Unitary: • they share common interests; • their value & beliefs are higly compatible; • they largely agree upon ends & means; • they all participate in decision making; • they act in accordance with agreed objectives. • Pluralist • they have a basic compatibility of interest; • their value & beliefs diverge to some extent; • they do not necessarily agree upon ends & means, but compromise is possible; • they all participate in decision making; • they act in accordance with agreed objectives. • Coercive • they do not share common interest; • their value & beliefs are likely to conflict; • they do not agree upon ends & means & ‘genuine’ compromise is not possible; • some coerce others to accept decision; • no agreement over objectives is possible given systemic arrangements.

13. Metafora Managemen Sistem • Machine Metaphore (Closed System View) • Organic Metaphor (Open System View) • Neurocybernetic Metaphor (Viable System View) • Cultural Metaphor • Political Metaphor

14. Metaphora Tipologi Metodologi

15. Ragam Metode Sistem: • SSM (Soft System Methodology) • SD (System Dynamics) • VSD (Viable System Diagnosis) • TSI (Total Systems Intervention) • SAST (Strategic Assumtion Surfacing and Testing) • IP (Interactive Planning) • CSH (Critical System Heuristics) • SODA (Strategic Options Development and Analysis) • Cognitive Mapping • Etc.

16. Tipologi Metodologi

17. 3. MULTIMETHODOLOGY Methodology = structured set of guidelines for activities to undertake to improve the effectivesness of an intervention. (Mingers & Gill, p. 1) = how should the inquirer go about finding out knowledge? (Guba, p. 18) Multimethodology: Combining together more than one methodology (in whole or part) within a particular intervention. (Mingers & Gill, p. 2)

18. Dimensi Materi Dimensi Sosial • Obyektif • Kepentingan Teknis • Intersubyektif • Kepentingan Praktis Dimensi Personal • Subyektif • Kepentingan Emansipatoris Tantangan Aplikasi Multimetodologi dari Habermas

19. Waktu dalam Proyek Apresiasi Analisis Proporsi waktu yang dihabiskan untuk setiap aktivitas Penilaian Tindakan 4. TSI (TOTAL SYSTEM INTERVENTION) Sumber: Mingers & Gill (1997: 12)

20. Tantangan Paradigmatik: Problem-Content System

21. Kerangka Kerja Metodologi

22. Contoh Kerangka Kerja TSI

24. Dekomposisi SSM – Kemungkinan Pemenggalan Teknik-teknik Ontological : Systemsy can not be assumed to exist; social world of meaning-attribution Epistemological : Separation of real world and conceptual world; use of systems Praxiological : Learning not optimisation; participation; change brought about through Debate and developed understanding Model relevant conceptual systems (holons) Express problem situation as experienced Compare models and real world Take action to improve situation Key: Part of SSM Alternatives from another methodology Point of Detacthment Conceptual Models Root Definitions Analyses 1, 2, 3 Rich Pictures CSH Cog. Map CATWOE Formal System CASE Tool VSM COPE Sumber: Mingers (1997: 435)

25. Tantangan Aplikasi: Konteks Multimetodologi

26. Hasil Penelitian Nilai Sukses Penggunaan Metode Sumber: Munro & Mingers (2002: 373)

27. Sumber: Munro & Mingers (2002: 374-5)

28. Terima Kasih