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Priyo Wahyudi

Lecture 15 PRODUK MIKROBIOLOGI DI BIDANG FARMASI. FARMASI – UHAMKA 2013. Priyo Wahyudi. Produk mikrobiologi di bidang farmasi. M akanan dan minuman Vaksin konvensional Molekul berukuran kecil (asam amino, vitamin, antibiotik). Makanan dan Minuman. Contoh Produk Fermentasi :.

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Priyo Wahyudi

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  1. Lecture 15PRODUK MIKROBIOLOGI DI BIDANG FARMASI FARMASI – UHAMKA 2013 Priyo Wahyudi

  2. Produk mikrobiologi di bidang farmasi • Makanan dan minuman • Vaksin konvensional • Molekul berukuran kecil (asam amino, vitamin, antibiotik)

  3. Makanan dan Minuman

  4. Contoh Produk Fermentasi :

  5. Makanan dan Minuman Fermentasi • Tempe  fermentasi kedelai oleh Rhizopus sp • Oncom  fermentasi limbah kulit kacang/kedelai oleh Monilia sitophyla • Tape  fermentasi singkong oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae • Keju  fermentasi susu • Nata  fermentasi gula oleh Acetobacter xylinum • Sosis  fermentasi daging oleh Lactobacillus brevis • Sauerkraut  fermentasi sayuran oleh Lactobacillus plantarum

  6. Makanan dan Minuman Fermentasi • Kecap  fermentasi kedelai oleh Aspergillus wentii • Yoghurt  susu fermentasi oleh Bakteri Asam Laktat • Bir  fermentasi malt (starch) menjadi alkohol oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae • Wine  fermentasi buah menjadi alkohol oleh Saccharomycer cerevisiae • Asam cuka  fermentasi gula oleh Acetobacter aceti • Biomassa Saccharomyces cerevisiae

  7. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sugar Ethanol + CO2 Lactic acid bacteria Malic acid Lactic acid Acetobacter or Gluconobacter Ethanol Acetic acid Microbial Metabolism

  8. Fermentation Technology

  9. Making Red Wine

  10. Vinegar Production • Adequate aeration is the most important consideration in ensuring a successful vinegar process. The active ingredient in vinegar is acetic acid, which is produced by acetic acid bacteria oxidizing an alcohol-containing fruit juice (Figure 30.22).

  11. Diagram of a vinegar generator.

  12. Yeast as a Food and Food Supplement Yeast cells are grown for use in the baking and food industries

  13. Vaksin Konvensional

  14. What is a Vaccine? • A vaccine is a non-pathogenic antigen that mimics a particular pathogen in order to elicit an immune response as if that actual pathogen were in the body. • The overall goal of a vaccine is to establish immunity against that particular pathogen.

  15. Types of Vaccines • There are numerous types of vaccines. • Each different type of has its own unique properties. • There function, however, is the same, to establish immunity against a particular pathogen.

  16. 1. Attenuated Virus/Bacteria • These vaccines consist of live, but weakened, viruses or bacteria. • These organisms have been altered, either genetically or chemically, in a way that they are not pathogenic. • An example is the attenuated virus vaccine for yellow fever, which utilizes the YF17D strain, a weakened form of the wild virus.

  17. 2. Killed Whole Organism • This vaccine consist of the actual pathogen, however, it has been killed, either by a heat treatment or chemically. • An example is the Salk vaccine for polio, which utilizes whole polioviruses that have been inactivated by formaldehyde.

  18. 3. Toxoids • Some species of bacterial produce what is known as exotoxins. • Toxoids are vaccines which consist of exotoxins that have been inactivated, either by heat or chemicals. • These vaccines are intended to build an immunity against the toxins, but not necessarily the bacteria that produce the toxins. • Some examples are botulinum antitoxen and diphtheria antitoxen.

  19. 4. Surface Molecules • Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, that are found on the surface of pathogens, are isolated and used as a vaccine. • Proteins are usually large and complex enough to be used on there own. • Carbohydrates and lipids requires conjugated with a large protein in order to be immunogenic. • An example of surface molecules used as a vaccine are hepatitis B surface antigens.

  20. 5. Anti-Idiotype Vaccines • In this unique type of vaccine, antibodies from a sick individual are isolated. • These antibodies are then injected into a lab animal, which may then produce an antibody whose antigen binding site mimics the epitope that the original antibody binds to. • These antibodies are then isolated and injected into a healthy individual, who may produce antibodies with an antigen binding site that binds to the antigen binding site of the animals antibodies.

  21. 5. Anti-Idiotype Vaccines • Because the animals binding site resembles the epitope of an antigen on a particular pathogen, the individual will have an immunity against that pathogen.

  22. 6. DNA Vaccines • DNA vaccines consist of plasmids that contains genes for certain types of antigens. • Once administered, the plasmid is taken up by the target cell and the genes are expressed. • The cell then either excretes the antigen or displays it on an MHC-I molecule.

  23. 7. Chimeric Vaccines • Chimeric vaccines usually consist of attenuated viruses that have been engineered to carry antigens from multiple types of pathogens. • For example, the yellow fever vaccine YF17D has been engineered to carry antigens from HIV, different types of bacteria, malaria, even cancer. • The main of a chimeric vaccine is the establishment of immunity against several different diseases with one administration.

  24. Vaccine Production Methods • There are three main vaccine manufacturing strategies: • In-vivo • In-vitro • Chemical Synthesis • Some vaccines can be produced using any one of the three methods while for other vaccines, only one method will work.

  25. In-Vivo • In in-vivo manufacturing, the vaccine is produced inside a living organism. • Embryonated Chicken eggs are are commonly used, particularly in producing flu vaccines. • Vaccines, such as anti-idiotype, can also be produced in lab animals, such as mice. • There are even some species of plant, such as bananas, that have been genetically engineered to produce a vaccine.

  26. In-Vitro • Here, using recombinant DNA technology, vaccines can be produced in yeast cultures, bacterial cultures, or cell cultures. • Recombinant vaccines, such as chimeric vaccines, are produced in this manor. • Attenuated virus/bacteria vaccines can also be produced this way.

  27. Chemical Synthesis • Here, instead of using biological systems to produce a vaccine, a vaccine can be produced in a lab. • Vaccines that utilize synthetic peptides as well as conjugated lipids and polysaccharides are manufactured this way. • Usually, this method is used in combination with either in-vivo or in-vitro production.

  28. Asam amino, Vitamin & Antibiotik

  29. Vitamins and Amino Acids Vitamins produced microbially include vitamin B12 and riboflavin

  30. The most important amino acids produced commercially are glutamic acid, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and lysine Amino Acid • Aspartic acid and phenylalanine are the ingredients of the artificial sweetener aspartame, a non-nutritive sweetener of diet soft drinks and other foods sold as low-calorie or sugar-free products. • High yields of amino acids are obtained by modifying regulatory signals that control synthesis of the particular amino acid such that overproduction occurs.

  31. Lists amino acids used in the food industry

  32. Steroids and the Biotransformation Process Microbial biotransformation employs microorganisms to biocatalyze a specific step or steps in an otherwise strictly chemical synthesis (Figure 30.14).

  33. Enzymes as Industrial Products • Certain enzymes are produced in large amounts by some organisms, and instead of being held within the cell, they are excreted into the medium. Microorganisms are ideal for the large-scale production of enzymes. Many enzymes are used in the laundry industry to remove stains from clothing, and thermostable and alkalistable enzymes have many advantages in these markets. • Extracellular enzymes, called exoenzymes, can digest insoluble polymers such as cellulose, protein, and starch. The products are then transported into the cell where they are used as nutrients for growth.

  34. For some biocatalytic processes, it is desirable to fix soluble enzymes onto a solid surface. These are called immobilized enzymes (Figure 30.16). The term extremozyme has been coined to describe enzymes that function at some environmental extreme, such as high temperatures or low pH (Figure 30.15). Enzymes from extremophiles are desirable for biocatalyses under extreme conditions.

  35. Table 30.4 lists microbial enzymes and their applications.

  36. Citric Acid & Organic Compounds A number of organic chemicals are produced commercially by use of microorganisms, of which the most important economically is citric acid, produced by Aspergillus niger

  37. Fermentation Technology

  38. Fermentation Technology

  39. Production Curve of a Primary Metabolite

  40. Production Curve of Secondary Metabolite Figure 28.11b

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