Reproductive System

Reproductive System By: Caitie Mathis & Avree Todd

The reproductive system is a collection of organs that work together for the purpose of producing a new life. Function of Reproductive System

The male reproduction system contains two egg shaped Testes – are the gamete-producing organs of the male reproduction system. Before a male is born, the testes leave this cavity and descend into an external sac called the scrotum. • Formation of Sperm – Males begin to produce sperm during puberty, the adolescent stage of development when changes in the body make reproduction possible. Male Reproduction System

Path of Sperm Through the Male Body – sperm move from the seminiferous tubules in the testes to the epididymis (a long coiled tubule that is closely attached to each testis) Although, most sperm remain stored in each epididymis, some leave the epididymis and pass through the vas deferens.

Internal Organs -Scrotum(pouchlike structure located behind the penis). It is divided by a septum into two sacs, each containing one of the testes along with its connecting tube called the epididymis.This contractile perinueum where they can absorb sufficient body heat to maintain the vialbility of the spermatoza. Male Anatomy

Penis- The external male sex organ and is composed of erectile tissue covered with skin, called foreskin.The foreskin contains glands that produce a lubricating fluid called smegma. The foreskin can be removed, the procedure is called circumcision. The functions of the penis are to serve as the male organ of copulation (sexual intercourse) and as the site of the oriface for the elimation of urine and semen from the body.

Testes- the two ovoid-shaped organs, located inside the scrotum. The interior of each testis is divided into wedge-shaped lobes by fibrous tissues. Coiled within each lobe are one to three small tubes called the seminiferous tubules, which are the site of the development of male reproductive cells – the spermatoza, which producues hormone called testosterone.

Epididymis- each testis is connected by efferent ductules to an epididymis, which is a coiled tube laying on the posterior aspect of the testis. Each epididymis functions as a storage site for the maturation of the sperm.

Vas Deferens- also called the ductus deferens, is a slim muscular tude and is a continuation of epididymis. (They connect to each other). The vas deferens is connected with the spermatic cord that also contains arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and the nerves.

Seminal Vesicles – There is 2 seminal vesicles. They are each connected by a narrow duct to a vas deferens, which then forms a short tube, the ejaculatory duct, which penetrates the base of the prostate gland and opens into the prostatic portion of the urthra.

Prostate Gland- It is composed of glandular, connective, and the muscular tissue and lies behind the urinary bladder.

Urethra- It extends from the urinary bladder to the external urthral oriface at the head of the penis. It serves the function of transmitting urine and semen out of the body.

Disorders of Male

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)- is an enlargement of the prostate gland that can occur in men who are 50 years of age and older.

Treatment to BPH -Drug Therapy -Nonsurgical Treatment • Transurethral microwave • Transurethral needle ablation -Surgery • Transurethral resection of the prostate • Transurethral incision of the prostate • Open surgery • Laser Surgery

Is the inability to acheive or maintain erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. It occurs when not enough blood is supplied to the penis, when the smooth muscle in the penis fails to relax. Erectile Dysfuntion

Many treatments are available. You can take oral medication, such as Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis, medication patches and gels, urethral and penile injection therapies. Treatments to Erectile Dysfunction

Is a malignant tumor that grows in the prostate gland. It is the most common type of cancer found in American men. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in men, exceeded only by lung cancer. -Stages A and B are confined to the prostate gland. -Stage C has spread to other tissues near the prostate gland. -Stage D has spread to lymph nodes or sites in the body a distance away from the prostate. Prostate Cancer

Prostatism- is any condition of the prostate gland that interferes with the flow of urine from the bladder. • Weak or difficult to start urine stream. • Feeling that the bladder is not empty. • Need to urinate often, especially at night. • Feeling of urgency (a sudden need to urinate) • Abdomnial straining, decreasing in size • Interruptoin of the stream.

Can occur in men, women, and children. They are passed from person to person through sexual contact or from mother to child. • Chlamydia • Genital Warts • Gonorrhea • Herpes Genitalis • Syphilis • Trichomoniasis STD’s

is a surgery in which the vas deferens are tied off and cut apart. This causes permanent sterility by preventing transport of sperm out of the testes Vasectomy

Female Anatomy

Is a muscular, hollow, pear-shaped organ. The uterus can be divided into two anatomical regions: the body and the cervix. The uterine body or corpus is large (upper) portion. • Cervix: opening to the uterus Uterus

Each side of the uterus has a fallopian tube. The fallopian tube catches released eggs from the ovaries each month during ovulation, and guides them to the uterus. • Isthmus: inferior posterior muscle in uterus • Ampulla: thin walled mid region • Infundibulum: catches and channels the released eggs • Fimbriae: also catches the eggs Fallopian Tubes

function: Releases eggs into the fallopian tubes • Cortex: layer of ovarian stroma lying immediately under the tunica albuginea • Medulla: highly vascular stroma in the center of the ovary Ovaries

function: female sex organ, provides the passageway for menstrual blood during menstration, and serves for birth canal Vagina

Function: external female genitals • Mons Pubis: pad of fatty tissue that covers pubic bone • Labia Majora: outer lips of the vulva • Labia Minora: inner lips of the vulva • Vestibule: Extends from the external urethral opening to the external vulva, so combines urinary and reproductive functions • Clitoris: the small white oval between the top of the labia minora and the clitoral hood, is a small body of spongy tissue that is highly sexually sensitive. • Perineum: short stretch of skin starting at the bottom of the vulva and extending to the anus Vulva

Function: The breasts are not directly involved in reproduction, but they nourish a baby after birth. Each breast contains mammary glands, which secrete milk • Areola: small circular area, in particular the ring of pigmented skin surrounding a nipple. • Nipple: small projection in which the mammary ducts of female mammals terminate and from which milk can be secreted. • Lactiferous Glands: the glands that produce milk • Prolactin: hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production after childbirth. • Oxytocin: hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts Breasts & Mammary Glands

Colostrum: first secretion from the mammary glands after giving birth, rich in antibodies. Breasts & Mammary Glands

Disorders of Female Reproductive System

A condition in which endometrial tissue occurs in various sites in the abdominal or pelvic cavity. • Symptoms include blood in urine, difficulty in urinating, painful intercourse, and excessive menstrual bleeding. • A Laparoscopy can be performed to conform diagnosis. Endometriosis

Surgical procedure to remove a females uterus. • a complete hysterectomy removes the cervix as well as the uterus; this is most common. • a partial hysterectomyremoves the upper part of the uterus but leaves the cervix. • a radical hysterectomy removes the uterus, cervix, upper part of the vagina and supporting tissues. Hysterectomy

infection of upper genital area • the disease causes organisms to migrate upward from the vagina and cervix to upper genital area • most common STD • PID is very common Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A condition that affects certain women and causes distressful symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, appetite craving, headache, backaches, muscle aches, edema, insomia, irrabilty, mental confusion. • May occur the 2 weeks before menstrual cycle Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Uterine Fibroids

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFrVmDgh4v4

A single sperm penetrates the ovum, and the resulting cell called zygote. • This is called conception, gender biologic traits of the new individual are determined. • When it starts to divide, it forms a solid mass called morula. • The morula continues to divide forming the embryo (stage 2-8 weeks) • When it reaches it meets the blastocyst. • As the blastocyst develops, it forms 2 cavities yolk sac and amniotic cavity. • The fetus is in the amnion filled with amniotic fluid, this liquid protocts the fetus. • The placenta is tissues from mother and child. • The umbilical provides nutrients to the child. Steps to Fertilization

Reproductive System