Almen sproglig viden og metode (General linguistics)

1. Almen sproglig viden og metode(General linguistics) CLM, engelsk Introduction to the Study of the English Language tt

2. The position of English • Where does it come from as a language? • Older forms of English • Where has it gone? • How has it come to be as it is? • Varieties of Modern English

3. Danish English Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Swedish Finno- Ugrian West East Frisian Northern Burgundian † Anglo- Frisian Germanic Western Eastern Southern Gothic † LowGerman Middle High German IndoEuropean West Flemish Dutch Plattdütsch HighGerman Yiddisch Slavic Hellenic ... Italic Schwytzertütsch German Latin … † Africaans Basque French Spanish Italian ...

4. Nu scylun hergan hefaenricaes uard, Now shall-we praise heaven’s guardian, metudæs maecti end his modgidanc, The-Lord’s might and his mind, uerc uuldurfadur; sue he uundra gi-huaes, work of-the-wonderfather; such-as heof-wonders of-each, eci Dryctin, or astelidæ. eternal Master, the-beginning made. He aerist scop aelda barnum He first created men’s for-the-children heben til hrofe, haleg scepen. heaven for roof, holy creator. Tha middungeard, moncynnæs uard, Then mid-earth, mankind’s guardian, eci Dryctin, æfter tiadæ eternal Lord, after ornamented firum foldu, frea allmectig. for-men the-earth, ruler allmighty. Old English(Caedmon’s Hymn, ca. 735) Now let us praise the power, vision, and creation of God, for how he ordained the origin of every wonder. First He created heaven as a roof for the children of men. Then the Almighty ornamented the earth for mankind.

5. Middle English(The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, ab. 1375) Þus com, lo, Engelond in-to Normandies hond: And Þe Normans ne couÞe speke Þo bote hor owe speche, And speke French as hii dude atom, and hor children dude also teche, So Þat heiemen of Þis lond, Þat of hor blod come, HoldeÞ alle Þulke speche Þat hii of hom nome; Vor bote a man conne Frenss me telÞ of him lute. Ac lowe men holdeÞ to Engliss, and to hor owe speche ute. Ich wene Þer ne beÞ in al Þe world contreyes none Þat ne holdeÞ to hor owe speche, bot Engelond one. Ac wel me wot uor to conne boÞe wel it is, Vor Þe more Þat a mon can, Þe more wurÞe he is.

6. Middle English(The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, ab. 1375) Þus com, lo, Engelond in-to Normandies hond: And Þe Normans ne couÞe speke Þo bote hor owe speche, And speke French as hii dude atom, and hor children dude also teche, So Þat heiemen of Þis lond, Þat of hor blod come, HoldeÞ alle Þulke speche Þat hii of hom nome; Vor bote a man conne Frenss me telÞ of him lute. Ac lowe men holdeÞ to Engliss, and to hor owe speche ute. Ich wene Þer ne beÞ in al Þe world contreyes none Þat ne holdeÞ to hor owe speche, bot Engelond one. Ac wel me wot uor to conne boÞe wel it is, Vor Þe more Þat a mon can, Þe more wurÞe he is. Thus came England into the hands of Normandy; and the Normans knew only their own language and they spoke French as they did at home, and they taught it to their children, so that lords from this land that came of their blood all held to the language that they brought with them from home; for unless a man can speak French they pay little respect to him. But common people stick with English, and just to their own language. I think that there is no country in all this world that does not stick with its own language, except England. But it seems to me that it is good to know both, for the more a man knows, the worthier he is.

7. English • one language? • or many?

8. The Expansion of English as Official Language North America India & SEA East Africa AUS RSA NZ

9. Map showing where Modern English is coming from (Loanwords)

10. Turkish Loanwords in English: yoghurt   from  yog-  'knead, churn',  bosh  'nonsense'  <  bos,  'empty'Jannissary   < yeni c, eri   'young soldiers'Pasha    < pas,a   'roughly, Field Marshal'uhlan   <oghlan   'boy, servant'huzzah!   may be of Turkish origins. sultan bey roughly ’governor’

11. landscape yacht dock Brooklyn deck brandy gas knapsack skipper sketch dock Dutch Loanwords in English

12. Scandinavian loanwords in English law window ill loose live die take egg bread both they, them etc. etc. etc.

13. Tamil Loanwords in English mandala catamaran mango candy mulligatawny chapati orange cheroot pariah coolie patchouli corundum curry poon ginger tatty madras vetiver

14. Native American Indian Loanwords in English avocado cacao cannibal canoe chipmunk chocolate chili hammock hominy hurricane maize moccasin moose papoose pecan possum, potato skunk squaw succotash squash tamale (via Spanish) teepee terrapin tobacco toboggan tomahawk

15. Language as a means communication • A model of communication • Language and languages • Language system and language use • The creativity of language • The constraints of the Code • Information packaging • Grammaticality and meaningfulness

16. Context Channel Channel Message Code A model of communication (After Roman Jakobson) Interpretation Thought Sender Receiver

17. To communicate a thought by means of language, the sender must draw on three sources of information: • his knowledge of the context of situation • his knowledge of the language that serves as code • his knowledge of how to encode the message, given context and code To interpret a message coded in a language, the receiver must also draw on three sources of information: • his knowledge of the context of situation • his knowledge of the language that serves as code • his knowledge of how to decode the message, given context and code Production and Interpretation

18. Human languages are essentially the same The Language Instinct– Steven Pinker (Booktitle, 1995) Read it! Language and Languages ”(Human) languages can differ from each other without limit and in unpredictable ways” Martin Joos, American linguist (1959) • Features characteristic of all (and only) human languages • The ability to tell lies • The ability to speak about situations distant in space and time • ……

19. Langue is an abstract system of signs – parole is the system in use Language is an innate system of knowledge - performance is putting that knowledge to use Language system and language use Langue et parole – Ferdinand de Saussure (1916) Competence and performance – Noam Chomsky (1965)

20. The creativity of language ’Everything can be said – and everything can be understood’ More characteristic features of human language: • The ’double articulation’ of language • The principle of semantic compositionality

21. Double articulation English has 45 phonemes, i.e. distinct spech sounds; among them, in random order: /h/ /đ/ /s/ /k/ /æ/ /t/ /i/ /n/ /z/ /Ə/ ….. /Ɔ/

22. Double articulation But it often only takes one phoneme to distinguish between words: /h/ /đ/ /s/ /k/ /æ/ /t/ /i/ /n/ /z/ /Ə/ ….. /Ɔ/ ’cat’ /k æ t/ /s æ t/ ’sat’ /đ æ t/ ’that’ ’hat’ /h æ t/

23. Double articulation First articulation: the level of phonemes /h/ /đ/ /s/ /k/ /æ/ /t/ /i/ /n/ /z/ /Ə/ ….. /Ɔ/ ’cat’ /k æ t/ /s æ t/ ’sat’ /đ æ t/ ’that’ ’hat’ /h æ t/ Second articulation: the level of words

24. Semantic composition hat cat sat that on the

25. Semantic composition hat cat sat that on the that cat sat on the hat *cat sat the that on hat • The meaning of a sentence is computed from the meanings of • the words it contains • the rules by which it is composed

26. The Constraints of the Code on Communication The organization of content (’meaning’): Information structure The organization of expression (’form’): Grammar

27. Describing a situation… What’s going on here?

28. … like this He swam across the river

29. means: by using the river act: type ’swimming’ manner: by swimming result: he came to be at the other side direction: from one bank to the other Information packaging He swam across the river agent: he did something

30. He crossed the river by swimming Information packaging He swam across the river agent: means: Han svømmede over floden act: manner: Il a traversé le fleuve à la nage result: direction: ?Han krydsede floden ved at svømme

31. *Han svømmede floden The grammar of English allows more ways to package infomation than the grammar of Danish Grammaticality and information packaging agent: He swam the river means: act: manner: result: direction:

32. Grammaticality and meaningfulness Hun kunne tale engelsk She could speak English This is a matter of difference between the grammars of Danish and English Hun må kunne tale engelsk *She must could speak English ???Min skrivemaskine kan tale engelsk ???My typewriter can speak English This is as odd a thing to say in English as in Danish ?Min computer kan tale engelsk ?My computer can speak English This is as questionable in Danish as in English A well-formed sentence is both grammatical and meaningful

33. Meaning Grammar Phonetics Phonology Morphology Semantics Syntax Lexicon Pragmatics Sound The components of language study

34. Linguistic intuitions EN HÅRD NEGL En 32-årig mand er stadig i livsfare efter at være blevet stukket ihjel uden for sin lejlighed i aftes. (TV-Avisen) JO – FOR IKKE AT SIGE UMULIGT Er det ikke en forældet ind-stilling at give arbejdet alt og familien resten. (Nyhederne i TV2) Semantisk Logisk MEN ALDRIG OM SØNDAGEN Ekstra hjælp lørdage – vi søger 2 personer, der ken- der hinanden hver anden lørdag. (Annonce i Ugeposten Helsinge) DE SKU JO GERNE FØLE SIG HJEMME To voldsramte kvinder har i årevis levet med bank, hash-misbrug og overgreb på fa-milien. Krisecentret gav dem håb og et spark frem-ad. (Grønlandsposten) Pragmatisk - Idiomatisk Syntaktisk LIGE NOGET FOR EN KONSERVATOR Han er udstoppelig på kon-traangreb. (Berlingske Tidende) Politiken, Oh Danmark, 9.2.03 Leksikalsk - fonologisk

35. That’s all for now !