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CIS 191 - Lesson 3

CIS 191 - Lesson 3. Booting Up Systems Skills Needed. The following skills are really important for getting through this lesson: Walking through a system and diagramming it Tracking the boot process from point to point Backing up and restoring the MBR

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CIS 191 - Lesson 3

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  1. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Booting Up Systems Skills Needed • The following skills are really important for getting through this lesson: • Walking through a system and diagramming it • Tracking the boot process from point to point • Backing up and restoring the MBR • BIOS configuration - changing BIOS boot order • Making bootable devices • Emergency floppies and CDs • Repairing Linux after a Microsoft Windows installation • GRUB • installing boot code into devices • interactive boots • custom boot options with grub.conf • rooting GRUB vs rooting kernel • Recognizing GRUB and Microsoft boot code • Relating volume labels to partitions

  2. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Boot Sequence

  3. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Boot Sequence The journey to loading the OS • BIOS • MBR Bootloader • Boot Partition bootloader • Secondary bootloader (optional) • Kernel load • Mount root filesystem • Turn control over to an init program

  4. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Boot Sequence The journey to loading the OS BIOS code MBR code Partition boot code

  5. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Boot Sequence The journey to loading the OS BIOS code floppy boot code Partition boot code

  6. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Boot Sequence The journey BIOS code MBR boot code Partition boot code

  7. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Boot Sequence The journey to loading the OS BIOS code CD boot code

  8. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Boot Loaders

  9. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Boot Loaders • MS-DOS boot loader • no configuration file • non-interactive • Syslinux • syslinux.cfg • LILO • /etc/lilo.conf • Requires the running of the lilo command to create a map file • GRUB - /boot/grub/grub.conf • Capable of reading many UNIX file systems including ext2

  10. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 dd command

  11. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 dd command • Can copy data within or outside of file system structures • Syntax: • dd if=infile of=outfile bs=blocksize count=#blocks • Backs up the master boot record to the file mbr: • dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr bs=512 count=1 • Restores the boot code portion of the MBR from the file mbr: • dd if=mbr of=/dev/hda bs=1 count=446 • Backs up a floppy to the file floppy.img: • dd if=/dev/fd0 of=floppy.img • Restores a floppy from the file floppy.img: • dd if=floppy.img of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k

  12. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 MBR

  13. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 The MBR MBR MBR (Master Boot Record) Boot Sector Boot Code (446 bytes) Partition Table (64 bytes) 55aa Signature (2 bytes) Boot Sector • Very first sector (512 bytes) on a hard drive or USB flash drive. • Boot code can be from conventional (Microsoft) or Linux (GRUB/LILO) • Partition table holds location, type and status information for the four primary partitions • The signature marks the end of the MBR ls /boot/grub Boot Sector Free Space

  14. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 The MBR MBR (Master Boot Record) Boot Code (446 bytes) Partition Table (64 bytes) 55aa Signature (2 bytes) Example partition table: Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 3 24066 4 FAT16 <32M /dev/sda2 * 4 16 104422+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 17 81 522112+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda4 82 652 4586557+ 5 Extended MBR boot code will attempt to load the boot code in the active partition (marked with "*"). Use fdisk to change the active partition.

  15. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 [root@spare01 ~]# xxd /dev/sda | more 0000000: fa33 c08e d0bc 007c 8bf4 5007 501f fbfc .3.....|..P.P... 0000010: bf00 06b9 0001 f2a5 ea1d 0600 00be be07 ................ 0000020: b304 803c 8074 0e80 3c00 751c 83c6 10fe ...<.t..<.u..... 0000030: cb75 efcd 188b 148b 4c02 8bee 83c6 10fe .u......L....... 0000040: cb74 1a80 3c00 74f4 be8b 06ac 3c00 740b .t..<.t.....<.t. 0000050: 56bb 0700 b40e cd10 5eeb f0eb febf 0500 V.......^....... 0000060: bb00 7cb8 0102 57cd 135f 730c 33c0 cd13 ..|...W.._s.3... 0000070: 4f75 edbe a306 ebd3 bec2 06bf fe7d 813d Ou...........}.= 0000080: 55aa 75c7 8bf5 ea00 7c00 0049 6e76 616c U.u.....|..Inval 0000090: 6964 2070 6172 7469 7469 6f6e 2074 6162 id partition tab 00000a0: 6c65 0045 7272 6f72 206c 6f61 6469 6e67 le.Error loading 00000b0: 206f 7065 7261 7469 6e67 2073 7973 7465 operating syste 00000c0: 6d00 4d69 7373 696e 6720 6f70 6572 6174 m.Missing operat 00000d0: 696e 6720 7379 7374 656d 0000 0000 0000 ing system...... 00000e0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 00000f0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 0000100: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 0000110: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 0000120: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 0000130: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 0000140: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 0000150: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 0000160: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 0000170: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 0000180: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 0000190: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 00001a0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 00001b0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 2084 0a00 0000 0001 ........ ....... 00001c0: 0100 04fe 3f02 3f00 0000 04bc 0000 8000 ....?.?......... 00001d0: 0103 83fe 3f0f 43bc 0000 cd2f 0300 0000 ....?.C..../.... 00001e0: 0110 82fe 3f50 10ec 0300 01ef 0f00 0000 ....?P.......... 00001f0: 0151 05fe bf8b 11db 1300 7bf8 8b00 55aa .Q........{...U. The MBR Conventional Boot Code MBR (Master Boot Record) Boot Code (446 bytes) Partition Table (64 bytes) 55aa Signature (2 bytes)

  16. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 [root@party root]# xxd /dev/sda | more 0000000: eb48 9010 8ed0 bc00 b0b8 0000 8ed8 8ec0 .H.............. 0000010: fbbe 007c bf00 06b9 0002 f3a4 ea21 0600 ...|.........!.. 0000020: 00be be07 3804 750b 83c6 1081 fefe 0775 ....8.u........u 0000030: f3eb 16b4 02b0 01bb 007c b280 8a74 0302 .........|...t.. 0000040: 8000 0080 5982 0000 0008 faea 507c 0000 ....Y.......P|.. 0000050: 31c0 8ed8 8ed0 bc00 20fb a040 7c3c ff74 1....... ..@|<.t 0000060: 0288 c252 be76 7de8 3401 f6c2 8074 54b4 ...R.v}.4....tT. 0000070: 41bb aa55 cd13 5a52 7249 81fb 55aa 7543 A..U..ZRrI..U.uC 0000080: a041 7c84 c075 0583 e101 7437 668b 4c10 .A|..u....t7f.L. 0000090: be05 7cc6 44ff 0166 8b1e 447c c704 1000 ..|.D..f..D|.... 00000a0: c744 0201 0066 895c 08c7 4406 0070 6631 .D...f.\..D..pf1 00000b0: c089 4404 6689 440c b442 cd13 7205 bb00 ..D.f.D..B..r... 00000c0: 70eb 7db4 08cd 1373 0af6 c280 0f84 f300 p.}....s........ 00000d0: e98d 00be 057c c644 ff00 6631 c088 f040 .....|.D..f1...@ 00000e0: 6689 4404 31d2 88ca c1e2 0288 e888 f440 f.D.1..........@ 00000f0: 8944 0831 c088 d0c0 e802 6689 0466 a144 .D.1......f..f.D 0000100: 7c66 31d2 66f7 3488 540a 6631 d266 f774 |f1.f.4.T.f1.f.t 0000110: 0488 540b 8944 0c3b 4408 7d3c 8a54 0dc0 ..T..D.;D.}<.T.. 0000120: e206 8a4c 0afe c108 d18a 6c0c 5a8a 740b ...L......l.Z.t. 0000130: bb00 708e c331 dbb8 0102 cd13 722a 8cc3 ..p..1......r*.. 0000140: 8e06 487c 601e b900 018e db31 f631 fffc ..H|`......1.1.. 0000150: f3a5 1f61 ff26 427c be7c 7de8 4000 eb0e ...a.&B|.|}.@... 0000160: be81 7de8 3800 eb06 be8b 7de8 3000 be90 ..}.8.....}.0... 0000170: 7de8 2a00 ebfe 4752 5542 2000 4765 6f6d }.*...GRUB .Geom 0000180: 0048 6172 6420 4469 736b 0052 6561 6400 .Hard Disk.Read. 0000190: 2045 7272 6f72 00bb 0100 b40e cd10 ac3c Error.........< 00001a0: 0075 f4c3 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 .u.............. 00001b0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 8001 ................ 00001c0: 0100 83fe 3f0c 3f00 0000 8e2f 0300 0000 ....?.?..../.... 00001d0: 010d 83fe 7fca cd2f 0300 3e54 6d00 0000 ......./..>Tm... 00001e0: 41cb 82fe bf0b 0b84 7000 01ef 0f00 0000 A.......p....... 00001f0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 55aa ..............U. The MBR Linux GRUB Boot Code MBR (Master Boot Record) Boot Code (446 bytes) Partition Table (64 bytes) 55aa Signature (2 bytes)

  17. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 The MBR Backing up and restoring MBR (Master Boot Record) Boot Code (446 bytes) Partition Table (64 bytes) 55aa Signature (2 bytes) [root@partide root]# dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr.bak bs=512 count=1 1+0 records in 1+0 records out [root@partide root]# [root@partide root]# dd if=mbr.bak of=/dev/hda bs=1 count=446 446+0 records in 446+0 records out [root@partide root]# [root@partide root]# dd if=mbr.bak of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 512+0 records in 512+0 records out [root@partide root]# A:\>fdisk /mbr A:\> Backup MBR Restore boot code only Restore boot code and partition table From DOS prompt

  18. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 grub.conf

  19. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 grub.conf overview [root@spare02 ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf default=default boot option from list below timeout=how long to wait for user to pick boot option splashimage=image file to display in the background more options title OS boot 1 root partition with kernel and initial ram disk kernel absolute path to kernel file and options initrd absolute path to initrd file title OS boot 2 root partition with kernel and initial ram disk kernel absolute path to kernel file and options initrd absolute path to initrd file title OS boot 3 root partition with kernel and initial ram disk kernel absolute path to kernel file and options initrd absolute path to initrd file [root@spare02 ~]# global settings List of boot options for user to pick from at boot time

  20. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 grub.conf overview title OS boot name root (hdn,m) kernel abs-path-to-kernel-per-GRUB-rootroot=partition-to-mount-as-/ initrd abs-path-to-initrd-per-GRUB-root MBR n=drive number, m=partition number, GRUB starts counting with 0, so (hd0,0) = first drive, first partition boot sector /dev/sda1 /boot boot sector / /dev/sda2 boot sector swap /dev/sda3 Free Space title Red Hat Linux (2.4.20-6) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.4.20-6 ro root=/dev/sda2 initrd /initrd-2.4.20-6.img

  21. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 grub.conf overview title OS boot name root (hdn,m) kernel abs-path-to-kernel-per-GRUB-rootroot=partition-to-mount-as-/ initrd abs-path-to-initrd-per-GRUB-root MBR n=drive number, m=partition number, GRUB starts counting with 0, so (hd0,0) = first drive, first partition boot sector /dev/sda1 / boot sector /dev/sda2 swap Free Space title Fedora (2.6.25-14.fc9.i686) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686 ro root=/dev/sda1 initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686.img

  22. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 grub.conf examples Fedora 9 [root@spare02 ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda1 # initrd /boot/initrd-version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title Fedora (2.6.25-14.fc9.i686) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686 ro root=UUID=1726400d-6d8e-4e06-9c82-c64c8fdc8578 rhgb quiet initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686.img [root@spare02 ~]# [root@spare02 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep UUID Filesystem UUID: 1726400d-6d8e-4e06-9c82-c64c8fdc8578 [root@spare02 ~]# Note: Some distros don't reference the root filesystem with /dev/…

  23. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 grub.conf examples Fedora 9 [root@spare01 ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda1 # initrd /boot/initrd-version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title Fedora (2.6.25-14.fc9.i686) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686 ro root=UUID=1726400d-6d8e-4e06-9c82-c64c8fdc8578 rhgb quiet initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686.img [root@spare02 ~]#

  24. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 grub.conf examples Duel Boot DOS/Fedora 9 [root@spare01 ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,1) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda5 # initrd /initrd-version.img #boot=/dev/sda2 default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,1)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title Fedora (2.6.25-14.fc9.i686) root (hd0,1) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686 ro root=UUID=273c505c-1fe5-4d67-8772-e734b4206032 rhgb quiet initrd /initrd-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686.img title DOS rootnoverify (hd0,0) chainloader +1 [root@spare01 ~]#

  25. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 grub.conf examples Duel Boot DOS/Fedora 9 [root@spare01 ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,1) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda5 # initrd /initrd-version.img #boot=/dev/sda2 default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,1)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title Fedora (2.6.25-14.fc9.i686) root (hd0,1) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686 ro root=UUID=273c505c-1fe5-4d67-8772-e734b4206032 rhgb quiet initrd /initrd-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686.img title DOS rootnoverify (hd0,0) chainloader +1 [root@spare01 ~]#

  26. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 grub.conf examples Multiple Boot - Red Hat 9 (Hard drive and Pen Drive) [root@frida root]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda2 # initrd /initrd-version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=60 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz title Red Hat Linux (2.4.20-6) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.4.20-6 ro root=LABEL=/ initrd /initrd-2.4.20-6.img title MyLinux root (hd1,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.20-6 ro root=/dev/sdb1 init=bin/bash initrd /boot/initrd.img [root@frida root]#

  27. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 grub.conf examples Multiple Boot - Red Hat 9 (Hard drive and Pen Drive) [root@frida root]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda2 # initrd /initrd-version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=60 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz title Red Hat Linux (2.4.20-6) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.4.20-6 ro root=LABEL=/ initrd /initrd-2.4.20-6.img title MyLinux root (hd1,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.20-6 ro root=/dev/sdb1 init=bin/bash initrd /boot/initrd.img [root@frida root]#

  28. Customize GRUB Boot

  29. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Customizing GRUB boot configuration /boot/grub [root@fedora ~]# ls -l /boot/grub total 215 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 63 2008-04-22 02:44 device.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8096 2008-04-22 02:44 e2fs_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7936 2008-04-22 02:44 fat_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7200 2008-04-22 02:44 ffs_stage1_5 -rw------- 1 root root 769 2008-07-11 17:37 grub.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7200 2008-04-22 02:44 iso9660_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8672 2008-04-22 02:44 jfs_stage1_5 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 2008-04-22 02:44 menu.lst -> ./grub.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7328 2008-04-22 02:44 minix_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9696 2008-04-22 02:44 reiserfs_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7459 2007-11-14 07:00 splash.xpm.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512 2008-04-22 02:44 stage1 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 105468 2008-04-22 02:44 stage2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7520 2008-04-22 02:44 ufs2_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6752 2008-04-22 02:44 vstafs_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9344 2008-04-22 02:44 xfs_stage1_5 [root@fedora ~]# Fedora 8

  30. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Customizing GRUB boot configuration /boot/grub/grub.conf [root@fedora ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 # initrd /initrd-version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title Fedora (2.6.25.10-47.fc8) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.25.10-47.fc8 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet initrd /initrd-2.6.25.10-47.fc8.img title Fedora (2.6.25.6-27.fc8) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.25.6-27.fc8 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet initrd /initrd-2.6.25.6-27.fc8.img [root@fedora ~]# Fedora 8 0="first", default boot is "Fedora (2.6.25.10-47.fc8)" from list below seconds to wait for user to make a choice menu not displayed (user can hit esc to see at boot time) Note: LVM (Logical Volume Management) is being used on this system

  31. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Customizing GRUB boot configuration /boot/grub Unbuntu Hardy Heron root@instructor:~# ls -l /boot/grub/ total 204 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 197 2008-06-03 10:24 default -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15 2008-06-03 10:24 device.map -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8056 2008-06-03 10:24 e2fs_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7904 2008-06-03 10:24 fat_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16 2008-06-03 10:24 installed-version -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8608 2008-06-03 10:24 jfs_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4694 2008-07-29 09:07 menu.lst -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7324 2008-06-03 10:24 minix_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9632 2008-06-03 10:24 reiserfs_stage1_5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512 2008-06-03 10:24 stage1 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 108356 2008-06-03 10:24 stage2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9276 2008-06-03 10:24 xfs_stage1_5 root@instructor:~# Note: On Ubuntu 8.04, the GRUB configuration file to is menu.1st rather than grub.conf

  32. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 Customizing GRUB boot configuration /boot/grub/grub.conf root@instructor:~# cat /boot/grub/menu.lst default 0 timeout 3 hiddenmenu title Ubuntu 8.04, kernel 2.6.24-17-generic root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-17-generic root=UUID=1b33a7fe-d508-4707-9cc4-86e1a1998c0f ro quiet splash initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-17-generic quiet title Ubuntu 8.04, kernel 2.6.24-17-generic (recovery mode) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-17-generic root=UUID=1b33a7fe-d508-4707-9cc4-86e1a1998c0f ro single initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-17-generic title Ubuntu 8.04, kernel 2.6.24-16-generic root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-16-generic root=UUID=1b33a7fe-d508-4707-9cc4-86e1a1998c0f ro quiet splash initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-16-generic quiet title Ubuntu 8.04, kernel 2.6.24-16-generic (recovery mode) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-16-generic root=UUID=1b33a7fe-d508-4707-9cc4-86e1a1998c0f ro single initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-16-generic title Ubuntu 8.04, memtest86+ root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin quiet root@instructor:~# Unbuntu Hardy Heron (with comments snipped)

  33. BIOS boot order

  34. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS Press F2 to enter BIOS configuration. Note: You don't get much time for this so have your finger over the key!

  35. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS Right arrow over to the Boot menu.

  36. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS Re-order to suit your needs. This VM will look first on a floppy, then a CD, then the hard drive and then try network boot.

  37. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS A + means the group can be expanded (use Enter) Noter: VMware BIOS does not support USB pen drive boots.

  38. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS If you have multiple hard drives, they can be searched in order as well

  39. CIS 191 - Lesson 3 BIOS Boot Order VMware BIOS Save any changes you make.

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