Objectives

1. Al-Maarefa College for Science and TechnologyINFO 232: Database systemsChapter 4Entity Relationship (ER) ModelingInstructorMs. Arwa Binsaleh

2. Objectives • In this chapter, students will learn: • The main characteristics of entity relationship components • How relationships between entities are defined, refined, and incorporated into the database design process • How ERD components affect database design and implementation • That real-world database design often requires the reconciliation of conflicting goals

3. The Entity Relationship Model (ERM) • ER model forms the basis of an ER diagram • ERD represents conceptual database as viewed by end user • ERDs depict database’s main components: • Entities • Attributes • Relationships

4. Entities • Refers to entity set and not to single entity occurrence • Corresponds to table and not to row in relational environment • In Chen and Crow’s Foot models, entity is represented by rectangle with entity’s name • Entity name, a noun, written in capital letters

5. Attributes • Characteristics of entities • Chen notation: attributes represented by ovals connected to entity rectangle with a line • Each oval contains the name of attribute it represents • Crow’s Foot notation: attributes written in attribute box below entity rectangle

7. Attributes (cont’d.) • Required attribute: must have a value • Optional attribute: may be left empty • Domain: set of possible values for an attribute • Attributes may share a domain • Identifiers: one or more attributes that uniquely identify each entity instance • Compositeidentifier: primary key composed of more than one attribute

9. Attributes (cont’d.) • Composite attribute can be subdivided • Simple attribute cannot be subdivided • Single-value attribute can have only a single value • Multivalued attributes can have many values

11. Attributes (cont’d.) • M:N relationships and multivalued attributes should not be implemented • Create several new attributes for each of the original multivalued attributes’ components • Create new entity composed of original multivalued attributes’ components • Derivedattribute: value may be calculated from other attributes • Need not be physically stored within database

13. Relationships • Association between entities • Participants are entities that participate in a relationship • Relationships between entities always operate in both directions • Relationship can be classified as 1:M • Relationship classification is difficult to establish if only one side of the relationship is known

14. Connectivity and Cardinality • Connectivity • Describes the relationship classification • Cardinality • Expresses minimum and maximum number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of related entity • Established by very concise statements known as business rules

16. Existence Dependence • Existencedependence • Entity exists in database only when it is associated with another related entity occurrence • Existenceindependence • Entity can exist apart from one or more related entities • Sometimes such an entity is referred to as a strong or regular entity

17. Relationship Strength • Weak (non-identifying) relationships • Exists if PK of related entity does not contain PK component of parent entity • Strong (identifying) relationships • Exists when PK of related entity contains PK component of parent entity

20. Weak Entities • Weakentity meets two conditions • Existence-dependent • Primary key partially or totally derived from parent entity in relationship • Database designer determines whether an entity is weak based on business rules

23. Relationship Participation • Optionalparticipation • One entity occurrence does not require corresponding entity occurrence in particular relationship • Mandatoryparticipation • One entity occurrence requires corresponding entity occurrence in particular relationship

26. Relationship Degree • Indicates number of entities or participants associated with a relationship • Unaryrelationship • Association is maintained within single entity • Binaryrelationship • Two entities are associated • Ternaryrelationship • Three entities are associated

29. Recursive Relationships • Relationship can exist between occurrences of the same entity set • Naturally found within unary relationship

32. Associative (Composite) Entities • Also known as bridge entities • Used to implement M:N relationships • Composed of primary keys of each of the entities to be connected • May also contain additional attributes that play no role in connective process

35. Developing an ER Diagram • Database design is an iterative process • Create detailed narrative of organization’s description of operations • Identify business rules based on description of operations • Identify main entities and relationships from business rules • Develop initial ERD • Identify attributes and primary keys that adequately describe entities • Revise and review ERD

47. Database Design Challenges: Conflicting Goals • Database designers must make design compromises • Conflicting goals: design standards, processing speed, information requirements • Important to meet logical requirements and design conventions • Design is of little value unless it delivers all specified query and reporting requirements • Some design and implementation problems do not yield “clean” solutions

49. Summary • Entity relationship (ER) model • Uses ERD to represent conceptual database as viewed by end user • ERM’s main components: • Entities • Relationships • Attributes • Includes connectivity and cardinality notations

50. Summary (cont’d.) • Connectivities and cardinalities are based on business rules • M:N relationship is valid at conceptual level • Must be mapped to a set of 1:M relationships • ERDs may be based on many different ERMs • UML class diagrams are used to represent the static data structures in a data model • Database designers are often forced to make design compromises