June 2013 STEER

1. Explore the different challenges posed by tectonic activity both before and after the event.Researchthe different impacts that tectonic hazards have on areas at different levels of development. June 2013 STEER

2. Tectonic activity and causes • 2. Tectonic hazards physical impacts • 3. Tectonic hazards human impacts • 4. Response to tectonic hazards

4. 1.1Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc). (Slide 5 ) 1.2 Event profile of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent. (Slide 6) 3.1The reasons why people live in tectonically active areas and how this might relate to the level of economic development. (slide 7) 3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity. (slides 8 9 10) 3.3The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development. (Slides 11 12 13) 3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time. (slide 14 15 16) 4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in countries at different stages of development. (slide 17 -20)

5. 1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc). • Tectonic activity can produce a very large range of hazard events • Not all of these events are ‘disasters’ • A natural hazard event becomes a disaster when the event causes a significant impact on a vulnerable population. Refer to the table in you have already made Return to slide 6

6. 1.2 Event profile of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent. • Not all tectonic hazards are the same • Event profiles are a common way of comparing different hazards • In this example the 2004 Asian Tsunami and ongoing eruption of Kilauea on Hawaii are compared • Hazard profiles can be drawn for any event. The nature of the hazard creates the level of challenge Refer to the event profiles you have drawn for your 7 detailed case studies. Draw event profiles so you can compare and contrast your examples

7. 3.1 The reasons why people live in tectonically active areas and how this might relate to the level of economic development. Benefits of living in an tectonic Area – plus side of Volcanoes Hazards x Vulnerability __________ • Risk Equation = Capacity • The risk of disaster grows as global hazards and people’s vulnerability increases, while their capacity to cope decreases. Vulnerability Factors Wealth of the Individual; technical ability of the country; level of education; Age of person; Location (Rural Urban) (MDC / LDC) ; degree of exposure; migration of the poor to a hazard zone; Speed of onset; effectiveness of warning Are more people at RISK ? Population Growth 2. Land pressure 3. Urbanisation 4. Economic Growth more damage 5. Increase in reported disasters due to development of mass media and communications.

8. 3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity. Go to slide 20

10. 3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity. What factors determine the varied physical nature of the hazard Frequency Type of magma (viscosity) Depth of Focus Proximity to population centres Type of Plate Boundary Risk Perception Explosiveness of eruption Type of Fault Quality and accuracy of Prediction and Forecast Material ejected

11. Impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development. Every hazard event is different, and therefore the specific impacts of disaster vary When researching case studies, it is important to be able to identify specific impacts and be able to explain these Some impacts are tangible and can be given a financial value. Others are intangible, such as the destruction of a temple or artwork. Many losses are direct and immediate such as property damage, but others are indirect – these come later and are harder to quantify, such as stress and psychological damage. Impacts are often considered as social (human death, injury, illness), economic (property loss, loss of income, cost of relief effort) and physical (changes to landscape and topography). Degree of Impact is affected by 1. Duration of hazard 2.Scale of Hazard 3. Frequency of Hazard and 4. Magnitude of hazard. Impacts can vary geographically There are significant differences between LEDC and MEDC countries. Generally, LEDC hazards are social in nature (larger number of deaths) MEDC hazards are economic in nature.

12. 3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development. Go to Slide 23

13. The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development. Explaining the impact of Natural Hazards The human context in which hazards occur is as important and often more important than the geophysical causes of the event. Factors influencing the human impact of natural hazards include: • Population Density in the area affected • Prior experiences of hazards in the area • Traditional methods of coping with hazards • The degree of accuracy in predicting the hazard • The effects of any hazard warning, preparation and / or evacuation procedures • The speed and effectiveness of local, national and international emergency and long term relief services • The overall level of economic development (LEDC MEDC) • Perception of those involved

14. 3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time. http://www.em-dat.net/documents/Publication/publication_2004_emdat.pdf There is a decreasing number of deaths due to hazards Why ? Better understanding of natural disasters Better preparedness Better technology The number/frequency of reported natural disasters has increased Since 1980, the average annual economic cost of hazards has risen from less than $20 bn to more than $160 bn.

16. The MODEL Hazard impacts on Human systems (after Park 1991) Improvement Quality of Life. Level of Economic Activity. Social Stability Communications / service level Normality Deterioration Disruption Recovery Search Rescue Care Rebuild Temporary housing services Relief Rehabilitation Reconstruction Pre-Disaster Hours - days Days - Weeks Weeks - Years The pattern of change in various indicators at different phases of the hazard.

17. 4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in countries at different stages of development. People cope with natural hazards in very different ways The chosen ways are often related to wealth and access to technology Humans do have a capacity to ignore or seriously underestimate risk, even when it seems obvious to others Often it may seem obvious that people should move out of harms way, but in reality this may be impossible.

18. 4.2 Specific strategies involved in adjustment: modifying loss burden, modifying the event and modifying human vulnerability; and the range of approaches and strategies used in locations at different stages of development.

20. Increasingly technological