Plan The Cossacks. Hetmanate. Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654).

1. Lecture 1. Theme:Time of the Cossacks-Hetman state. Ukraine under the reign of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires. Plan • The Cossacks. • Hetmanate. • Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654). • Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule. • Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy.

3. TheCossacks • Originally Cossacks were runaway Ukrainian peasants who escaped Polish and Russian pressure and settled in the southern steppes. • Zaporozhian Cossacks played an important role in European geopolitics, undergoing a series of conflicts and alliances with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire.

4. The Cossacks were free farmers, which had own weapon, from childhood learned military affairs and united to the army in case of attack. • In Ukraine appeared autonomous Cossack state, which itself elected her leaders – hetman. • The Cossacks were united by Zaporizka Sych, which was the social, political, military and administrative organization of the Ukrainian Cossacks, founded in the first part of the XVI century beyond the Dnieper banks in the area of Khortytsya island.

5. Continuous attacks of enemies forced the Cossacks to build fortification for defense. • At first they founded separate towns. Later in connection of intensifying the attacks of masters and Crimean Tatars in Zaporizhye the Cossacks jointed in one Sych. • Zaporizhka Sych had a great influence on development of Ukraine and the history course at all. • Petro Sagaydachniy, Bogdan Khmelnitskiy, Ivan Mazepa – are the most outstanding hetmen and politicians of that period.

7. Hetmanate. • Hetman was the title used by commanders of the Ukrainian Dnieper Cossacks from the end of the sixteenth century. • Cossack hetmans had very broad powers and acted as supreme military commanders and executive leader.

8. Hetmanate.Bohdan Khmelnytskiy • Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky was one of the most influencial rulers of Eastern Europe • Khmelnytsky organized supporters and plotted an uprising against the Polish landlords. • Realizing that their cavalry was small, he seeked the aid of the Crimean Tatars, the Cossack's traditional enemies. The timing was right, and an alliance against the Poles was formed. • Soon after, he was elected as Hetman

10. Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654). • The Bila Tserkva agreement on September 28th of 1651 had to do with the lessening of the Hetman's authority, forbidding him to have foreign contacts, and the reduction of Cossack forces. • On the January 18th in 1654, Khmelnytsky called a meeting with the Cossack elite and a decision was made. Ukraine needed an overlord and it was decided upon to be ruled by the Moscov tsar. • This meeting was held at Pereiaslav, near Keiv.

11. Treaty of Pereyaslav • At the town church, the Pereiaslav Agreement was sealed and marked a turning point in the history of Ukraine, Russia, and all of Eastern Europe. • Moscov now had its foot in the door to becoming a great power. • Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky gave pride back to its people, and succeded in building the basis for a Ukrainian way of life.

12. UKRAINE IN THE MEMBERSHIP OF RUSSIAN AND AUSTRIAN EMPIRE • During almost 150 years since the close of XVIII and to the beginning of XX centuries Ukrainians were under the power of two empires: 80 percent of them were subject to the Russian emperor; the rest settled the empire of Habsburgs. • Like all empires those of the Russian Romanovs and the Austrian Habsburgs were vast territorial conglomerates containing huge populations of ethnically and culturally diverse peoples. • Political power was highly centralized and vested in the person of the emperor who saw no need to take into account the views or desires of his subjects.

13. Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule. • The Russian empire was one of the biggest in the world. Beside the big measures it noticeably differed from other European countries by its political system. • In any country of the continent leaders did not have such unlimited power, which used tsars-emperors. Since XVIII century tsars had absolute power over all nationals in all areas of their life. • As for the language and culture the Ukrainians were closely subjected to Russians, the government soon began to consider Ukraine as Russian side.

14. Concrete and everywhere feature of imperial presence in Ukraine was the army. • The Term of service accounted 25 years. • Incapacity of Russian government to provide their officials by sufficient fee gave birth to corruption at which it silently closed the eyes • Ukrainian lands in the Russian Empire formally lost all traces of their national distinctiveness. The territories were reorganized into regular Russian provinces administered by governors appointed from St. Petersburg.

15. Equally important developments occurred in the social sphere • The Cossacks were equalized with the Russian nobility; many entered imperial service. Through education, intermarriage, and government service, the Ukrainian nobility gradually became Russified. • The gradual process of enserfment of the peasantry in the Left Bank culminated in 1783 under Catherine. • Serfdom remained the dominant lot of the peasantry until the emancipation of 1861

16. Nevertheless, the reforms stimulated the development of industry • Industrial development was especially marked in eastern Ukraine, notably the Donbas, which attracted workers from other parts of the empire. As a result, the emerging working class and the growing urban centres became highly Russified islands in a Ukrainian rural sea. • Literature became the primary vehicle for the 19th-century Ukrainian national revival.

17. The most important writer—and unquestionably the most significant figure in the development of a modern Ukrainian national consciousness—was Taras Shevchenko • Born a serf, Shevchenko was bought out of servitude by a group of artists who recognized his talent for painting. • Shevchenko's poetry reflected a conception of Ukraine as a free and democratic society that had a profound influence on the development of Ukrainian political thought. • Shevchenko's patriotic verse earned him arrest and years of exile in Central Asia.

19. The revolution that shook the Russian Empire in 1905 spawned worker strikes and peasant unrest in Ukraine as well. • The consequent transformation of the tsarist autocracy into a semiconstitutional monarchy led to some easing in Ukrainian national life. • In the political arena the introduction of an elected assembly, or Duma, in 1906 initially provided Ukrainians with a new forum to press their national concerns.

20. Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy. • The Habsburgs' annexation of Galicia from Poland in 1772 was followed two years later by their acquisition of Bukovina. Already under Habsburg rule, as part of the Hungarian crown, was a third ethnically Ukrainian region—Transcarpathia. • Although, on balance, Habsburg policies favoured the Poles, Ukrainians in Austria enjoyed far greater opportunities for their national development than did Ukrainians in tsarist Russia.

21. The revolution of 1848 set in motion important transformations in Galician society. The corvée was abolished in 1848. • Large-scale emigration to the Americas began in the 1880s and continued until World War I. • By the outbreak of World War I, Ukrainians in Austrian Galicia were still an agrarian and politically disadvantaged society • Nevertheless, they had made impressive educational and cultural advances and achieved a high level of national consciousness, all of which contrasted sharply with the situation prevailing in Russian-ruled Ukraine.

22. References : • 1. Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: UniversityofTorontoPress (1988). • 2. AndrewWilson. TheUkrainians: UnexpectedNation. YaleUniversityPress; 2nd edition (2002). • 3. AnnaReid. Borderland: A JourneyThroughtheHistoryofUkraine. London, OrionBooks; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003). • 4. PaulRobertMagocsi. A HistoryofUkraine. Toronto: UniversityofTorontoPress (1996). • 5. MykhailoHrushevsky. HistoryofUkraine-Rus’in 9 volumes.