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Solar Hydrogen Update

Solar Hydrogen Update. 24 th November 2009. Updates. Carver’s reactor Reactor fitting Mirrors Improvements on model Reactor models discussion Mechanistic studies Kinetic data Feasibility of annular configuration. Carver’s Reactor. Reactor setup. Issues Extra pumps

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Solar Hydrogen Update

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  1. Solar Hydrogen Update 24th November 2009

  2. Updates • Carver’s reactor • Reactor fitting • Mirrors • Improvements on model • Reactor models discussion • Mechanistic studies • Kinetic data • Feasibility of annular configuration

  3. Carver’s Reactor Reactor setup • Issues • Extra pumps • Extra inventory H2 O2 Reactor Pump Pump Feed Tank

  4. Carver’s Reactor Reactor setup • Issues • Limited feed tank opening H2 O2 Reactor Pump Feed Tank

  5. Carver’s Reactor Reactor setup H2 O2 • Issues • Rate of gases separate from liquid • Might need a hydrocyclone for gas-liquid separation Reactor Pump Feed Tank

  6. Mirror From Optical Mechanics Inc. Quotation is yet to receive

  7. Mirror

  8. Reaction Kinetics k1 Semiconductor + hν Semiconductor (e-, h+) H2O H2 + ½ O2 k2 2H+ + 2e- H2 k3 H2O + 2h+ 2H+ + ½ O2 • How fast is the hydrogen generation ? • This rate might overcome the low efficiency performance • Mechanistic study get help from chemistry ? • Study on the reaction rate can be obtained from the current reactor • This would improve the reactor model

  9. Annular Configuration Spoken to Prof. James R Taylor (Imperial College Physics Dept.) • Energy loss ~10 db/km • Could Si or quartz as fibre material • It is feasible and worth investigating in future

  10. Annular Configuration Lens in focusing the light Fibre optic coated with photo-anode at the outer surface Hollow fibre membrane Cathode

  11. Focusing task • Setting up carver’s reactor for preliminary testing • Should we get new burette? • Improve on the current reactor model • Run the plasma deposition unit for photo-anode characterisation

  12. Light Intensity - Spectra: PBR1 – Low intensity LED array PBR2 – High intensity LED array Culture reactor – Cool white fluorescent lights Sartorius reactor – Cool white fluorescent lights

  13. Light Intensity – Spectral matches: CC-124 absorption to LED emission CC-124 absorption to fluorescent emission

  14. Pumps – Watson Marlow: Peristaltic 300 series - £1222.00 Flow up to 2l/min Microprocessor or manual control Brushless DC motor 2 year warranty 5.6kg, 233x230x132mm Peristaltic 500 series - £603.00 Flow up to 4.5l/min Fixed speed pump AC motor gearbox 2 year warranty 11kg, 360x170x140mm

  15. Pumps – KNF Neuberger: Liquid Diaphragm Pump, NF30 series - £114.06* • General: • Oscillating displacement pump • DC motor • Mounted in any position • Oil/maintenance free • Weight ≈ 500g • Flow: • Around 0.3l/min for liquid pump • Around 2l/min for gas pump • Flow rate adjusted by changing input voltage – 4 lead DCB (brushless) motor for optimum control Gas Diaphragm Pump, modified NMP830 - £182.73* • Modification: • NMP830 gas-tight • Aluminium head • EPDM diaphragm and valves • G1/8 threaded port (Swagelok connection) • Designed for He pumping

  16. Pumps – KNF Neuberger: Modified Liquid Diaphragm Pump, NMP015 series • Solar simulator (Fessehaye) reactor: • NMP015 may be modified to be gas-tight (expensive) • Stainless steel/aluminium head • EPDM diaphragm and valves • “Low algal death rates” MSc/PhD Students: • Stephanie Hoarau (SEF): • Develop MIMS system • Develop filtration system • Annalisa (University of Milan)

  17. FZ • Design – flat panel bioreactor • Update on instrumentation and data analysis

  18. Flat Panel design: • gravitational flow • Cleaning • Probes • Support

  19. Assembling the system:

  20. NI USB-6229 BNC • 16-Bit, 250 kS/s M Series, Integrated BNC, External Power • 16 differential BNC analog inputs (16-bit, 250 kS/s) • 4 BNC analog ouputs (16-bit, 833 kS/s), 48 digital I/O (32 clocked, 8 BNC), and 32-bit counters • NI Signal Streaming for sustained high-speed data streams over USB; OEM version available • Compatible with LabVIEW, ANSI C/C++, C#, Visual Basic .NET and Visual Basic 6.0 • NI-DAQmx driver software and NI LabVIEW SignalExpress LE interactive data-logging software

  21. Fe2O3: spray pyrolysis • Effect of Sn doping on: • Electrochemical properties • Morphological properties

  22. Undoped Fe2O3: 10 layers

  23. Undoped Fe2O3: 20 layers

  24. Doped Fe2O3: 10 layers

  25. Doped Fe2O3: 20 layers

  26. Doped Fe2O3: 15 layers

  27. Undoped Fe2O3: 15 layers

  28. Doped Fe2O3: 20 layers

  29. On-going work • Effect of Sn-doping • Lower/higher doping concentrations • Film thickness measurements • Quantum efficiency measurements • Effective H2 yields

  30. CO2 Reduction Mechanism • CO2 + e- CO2- • CO2- + H+ + e- HCOO- • CO2- + H2O + e-  HCOO- + OH- • CO2- + H+ + e-  CO + OH- • CO2- + H2O + e- CO + 2OH-

  31. Low CO2 concentration in aqueous systems Feed CO2 in gas phase through gas diffusion electrodes along with steam

  32. PEC Reactor Development

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