Chapter 1: Early America

1. Chapter 1: Early America Causes of the American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution

2. http://www.youtube.com/user/SchoolHouseRockKids#p/u/1/p0LmYEjXNIghttp://www.youtube.com/user/SchoolHouseRockKids#p/u/1/p0LmYEjXNIg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZfRaWAtBVg Many causes, one outcome; independence

3. Causes of the American Revolution • The French and Indian War (1754-1763) 1. In 1749, FR laid claim to land along the Allegheny and Ohio rivers and built Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh is found today). At stake was control over a vast amount of land granted to VA by the GB. 2. In 1754, a young Virginian officer named George Washington was sent into disputed territory, where he engaged in skirmishes with the FR. When the smoke cleared, Washington was obliged to sign conditions of surrender that required the Virginians to leave the Ohio Valley. (It was the opening of the war between the FR and GB known as the French and Indian War.) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mphUZDdMpZA

4. Causes of the American Revolution French and Indian War Continued 3. French and Indian War raged for 9 yrs, during which British forces concentrated on securing New France. 4.The F.I.W ended with signing of the Treaty of Paris 1763. G.B. gained all of New France, and all other land east of the Mississippi River except for New Orleans. 5. Spain, an ally of FR, ceded most of Florida to Britainin exchange for control of Havana, Cuba, which G.B. had captured in 1762.

7. Causes of the American Revolution • French and Indian War continued 6. The result of the FIW was an entire redrawing of the political map of North America. The provisions of the Treaty of Paris set the stage for British confrontation with the colonists in the near future, and along with it, renewed conflict with FR.

8. Background Victory in the French and Indian War was costly for GB. At the war's conclusion in 1763, King George III and his gov’tlooked to taxing the American colonies as a way of recouping their war costs. They were also looking for ways to restore control over the colonial gov’ts that had become increasingly independent while GB was distracted by the war.

9. Core of the Dispute A series of actions including the Proclamation of 1763,the Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), the Townsend Acts (1767), the Boston Massacre (1770),and the Intolerable Acts (1774) agitated the colonists, straining relations with the mother country. But it was the Crown's attempt to tax tea (Tea Act of 1773) that spurred the colonists to action and laid the groundwork for the American Revolution.

10. Proclamation Line of 1763 An order issued by the King of Britain forbidding the colonists from settling the recently acquired lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Ideally the order was issued to avoid future conflicts with the NA. Wars are EXPENSIVE. The measure also contained the colonists making it easier for GB to maintain control.

11. The Sugar Act • The Sugar Act was created by the King of GB & the British Parliament in an effort to recoup some of its costs from the French Indian War. • Made the colonists upset…sugar was a staple that all people enjoyed.

12. The Stamp Act • The Stamp Act was issued in 1765, at the urging of George Grenville, the British PM. • The act placed a tax on all printed materials created within the colonies. (internal tax) • The colonists responded by boycotting British sold goods. Some responded violently by attacking the tax collectors, putting tar and feathers on them and sometimes worse. • It was finally repealed in 1766.

13. Causes of the American Revolution • Planting the Seeds of Revolution Most colonists viewed themselves as loyal British subjects. They traded goods with Britain, maintained British customs, and believed they were subjects of the British crown. 1. Started with the Navigation Acts 2. Parliament passed the, Currency Act of 1764, making it illegal for the colonies to issue their own paper $. 3.Proclamation of 1763 prohibited westward expansion beyond an imaginary line extending along the crest of the Appalachian Mts.

14. Causes of the American Revolution 3. (cont. Proclamation of 1763) Parliament felt some 10,000 British soldiers were needed to protect the western boundary of the colonies. 4. Moreover, the FIW had been costly;a new source of revenue was needed to pay for fortifying the colonies. 5. Then the British Parliament passed the Sugar Act of 1764. Although this law reduced an est. tax on molasses, it added new duties on textiles, wines, coffee, and sugar.

15. Causes of the American Revolution 6. To gain additional revenue, Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765. This law required that a stamp be placed on legal documents, leases, licenses, deeds, newspapers, playing cards, and even dice. 7. Parliament followed the Stamp Act with the Quartering Act of 1765. This law required colonists to provide housing and supplies needed by British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

16. Causes of the American Revolution 8. Colonial opposition to taxation was strong. The tax, many reasoned, was illegal since the colonists had no representation in Parliament, and thus no voice in the decision to be taxed.The House of Burgesses passed a set of resolutions protesting British taxation. Many colonists simply ignored the tax. In March 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but only after affirming its right to tax the colonies.

17. Causes of the American Revolution 9.In 1767, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts. This set of laws placed a tax on glass, paper, lead, paint, and tea. Moreover, GB required that each of these items be purchased from GB. 10. In response, colonists participated in a widespread boycott of British goods.Tensions ran high, especially in port cities such as Boston, where British soldiers and colonists often taunted each other. Boston Massacre happened on March 5, 1770 when British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a group of colonists, killing 5 of them.

18. The Townshend Act • The Townshend Acts created a tax on goods the colonists imported, such as paper, lead, glass, paints, and tea shipped from England and English possessions. (external tax) • Merchants in Boston and NY boycotted most British goods. • At a town meeting held in Boston, Ma. the residents were told to bear arms in case they were needed to fight the coming British soldiers. • British warships arrived in Boston Harbor in September and two regiments of infantry moved permanently into Boston neighborhoods. • George Mason wrote a set of resolutions that were presented to the Virginia House of Burgesses by George Washington. The resolutions opposed taxation without representation. • The Townshend Acts were finally repealed in March of 1770; EXCEPT FOR THE TAXES ON TEA.

19. Colonists react… “No Taxation Without Representation!”

20. The Boston Massacre • March 5, 1770 A merchant and one of the soldiers were arguing and some of the townspeople gathered. They began to throw snowballs and rocks at the soldiers. Soon Cpt. Thomas Preston and a small group of soldiers arrived. Private Hugh Montgomery of the British troops was hit by a club thrown from the crowd. When he got up, he fired into the crowd. Soon other British soldiers fired at the crowd. • Five unarmed colonists killed. • The Boston Massacre added to the hatred between the British soldiers and the colonists. • The hostility and the Tea Act of 1773 sparked the Boston Tea Party.

22. Causes of the American Revolution 11.The Sons of Liberty, a colonial group organized to protest British taxation, intensified anti-British feelings. http://www.ushistory.org/us/10b.asp 12. Appeals to Parliament resulted in a repeal of most of the Townshend Act taxes, or duties in 1770. 13. In 1773, the British Parliament passed the Tea Act. The legislation gave the East India Company complete control of the colonial tea trade, and placed a new tax on tea. For many Bostonians, paying the tax acknowledged Britain’s right to tax the colonists.

23. Causes of the American Revolution 14. In response to the Tea Act colonists orchestrated the Boston Tea Party. 50 men in disguise, possibly led by the Sons of Liberty founder Samuel Adams, threw about 90,000 lbs of tea into Boston Harbor, destroying the entire cargo. Parliament quickly passed a series of harsh measures. 15. The Coercive Acts of 1774 (Intolerable Acts) closed Boston Harbor, revoked parts of the Massachusetts Charter, imposed British control over town gov’t, and imposed a new Quartering Act, forcing all colonies to house and support the king’s troops. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AvPoPOaRqU

24. The Boston Tea Party • The Boston Tea Party was held in December of 1773. • The Sons of Liberty held the “tea party,” in protest of the tea tax. • They dressed up as Mohawk Indians and then dumped 342 chests of tea, into the ocean.

25. Causes of the American Revolution 16. The Coercive Acts brought on a firestorm of protest. Members of the Committees of Correspondence, colonial leaders from all but one colony (Penn.), communicated ways to protest British policies. 17. In September, 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met together as the First Continental Congress. Georgia did not take part. They agreed to halt all trade with G.B. They also expanded the militia of citizen soldiers, then called minutemen, throughout the colonies, in anticipation of armed conflict with Britain.

26. The Intolerable Acts • Aka: The Coercive Acts. The Intolerable Acts were passed in 1774 to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. • There were three major acts involved that angered the colonists. • The first was the Boston Port Bill and it closed the Boston Harbor until the people of Boston paid for the tea that they threw into the harbor. It went into effect on June 1, 1774. • There was also the Quartering Act which required the colonists to provide housing and supplies for the British troops. • The Intolerable Acts united the colonies against England. To decide on what steps they would take, the colonists met in Philadelphia at the First Continental Congress.

27. First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia

28. The First Continental Congress • On September 5, 1774, every colony but GA sent reps to what is now called the First Continental Congress. • They signed a petition demanding the Intolerable Acts be repealed and sent it to England with the demand they would be repealed. • When Patrick Henry went to the Virginia Convention in Richmond, he made a speech. It was from this speech that his famous quote comes: "I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!“ • King George III's decision not to repeal the Intolerable Acts or any of the other taxes finally caused the Revolutionary War that led to the colonies’ independence.

30. Causes of the American Revolution 18. In 1775, Parliament determined that the rebellion brewing in MA needed to be controlled further. In the eyes of the British Parliament, a rag tag bunch of rebelling colonials were no match for the well-trained and well equipped British Army. With some 3,000 British troops available to him, and more on their way across the Atlantic, Gen. Thomas Gage was ordered to confront the colonial militia, confiscated its arms and ammunition, and arrest its leaders, in particular members of the Sons of Liberty.

31. Causes of the American Revolution 19. In January 1776, Thomas Paine, a friend of Benjamin Franklin and a recent immigrant to PA from England, published a pamphlet entitled Common Sense, break from G.B. “I challenge the warmest advocate for reconciliation to show a single advantage that this continent can reap by being connected with Great Britain,” wrote Paine. His words resonated deeply with colonists, but breaking with GB was a difficult decision.

32. Closing Questions • What effect did the Townshend Acts have on the colonists? A. They willingly paid taxes because they were loyal British subjects. B. They sent delegates to parliament to negotiate the tax rates. C. They boycotted English goods as a way to protest the taxes. D. They allowed for the taxing of English goods but protested the tax on tea.

33. Closing Questions 2.What did “no taxation without representation” mean to the colonists? A. The taxing power of the British shopkeepers is represented in Parliament. B. There should be no taxation of British goods entering the colonies. C. Taxation in the colonies should only be for the British citizens. D. The colonists should not be taxed without representation in Parliament.

34. Closing Questions 3. What followed the Boston Tea Party? A. The free flow of trade between the colonies and other countries B. Harsh restrictions on colonial liberties and trade. C. Increased self-government in New England. D. The removal of British troops from the colonies.

35. Closing Questions 4. In response to the Coercive Acts, the First Continental Congress… A. agreed to an increase presence of British troops. B. halted trade with Britain. C. agreed to Parliament’s conditions . D. took no action.

36. 5. Use the information in the box to answer the question. • Tax Collector • Elected to the MA Assembly • Leader of the Boston Tea Party • Delegate to the First Continental Congress The above information describes which of the following people? • Thomas Jefferson • Benjamin Franklin • Samuel Adams • Patrick Henry

37. 6. All of the following issues led to the American Revolution EXCEPT: • Taxation without representation • Citizens forced to house soldiers • Colonial trade limited to GB • The limitation of government power

38. 7. What effect did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense have on the independence movement? • It made people feel like the fight has been lost. • It inspired Americans to fight the British. • It increased respect for the British government. • It ended the American Revolution.

39. Common Sense • Common Sense was a pamphlet that convinced many people that the time for independence had come. • Written by T. Paine, an Englishman. • It sold over 500,000 copies in 6 months!!! • “Society in every state is a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, is a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one.” Thomas Paine

41. Escalating ConflictsLexington and Concord • April 18,1775 • British troops set off for Concord, MA from Boston to seize a stockpile of arms • Paul Revere and other spies notified colonial militiamen • A confrontation on the Lexington town green started off the fighting (8 dead) • The British moved on to Concord, where they destroyed a small amt. of gunpowder. • Minutemen, lining the forest road, killed 73 British soldiers and wounded 200 (Guerilla warfare – Native Americans – The Patriot) • http://www.youtube.com/user/SchoolHouseRockKids#p/c/BEF70B25331D09DE/8/AhdmDDBjco0 http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/videos#first-revolutionary-battle-at-lexington--concord http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/videos#american-revolution

43. Paul Revere’s Midnight Ride http://www.history.com/news/12-things-you-may-not-know-about-paul-revere

44. Bunker and Breed’s Hill • 2 months later, American and British forces met again at Bunker Hill and Breed’s Hill, across the harbor from Boston. • The battle ended in the retreat of the Americans, British forces lost 1,000 soldiers. • Significance: While the British may have once believed in easy victory, it was clear that the resolve of the colonial militia had been underestimated. • Yet, the colonists remained divided. Disputes erupted between loyalists supportive of Britain and patriots opposed to British control of the colonies. http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/videos#britain-wins-a-costly-victory-at-bunker-hill

45. Second Continental Congress • After the skirmishes at Lexington/ Concord, colonial leaders like Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock and Samuel Adams met at the Second Continental Congress. • The Congress appointed George Washington as the head of the new Continental Army, and adopted a provisional gov’t linking the13 colonies. • On June 7, 1776, VA delegate Richard Lee proposed that “all political connection between the colonies and England should be dissolved.”

46. Second Continental Congress Representatives brought money to help establish… the Continental Army (i.e. pay soldiers, buy guns, bullets, food, and uniforms)

48. The American Revolution: Declaration of Independence • On July 4, 1776, delegates of the 2nd Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence, severing all ties with Britain. • Thomas Jefferson,chosen by the delegates to write the DOI, carefully wove Lee’s resolution into the document. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=1 • In the DOI, Jefferson detailed the delegates’ belief that gov’t is a social contract.He explained that if gov’t became harmful that the ppl. had the right to change the gov’t. Furthermore, the declaration outlined what King George III had done wrong, and it declared the colonies’ independence.

49. declaration: (n) independence: (n) the freedom to govern on one’s own. an official statement

50. Who was involved? • Benjamin Franklin (PA) • John Adams (MA) • Robert R. Livingston (NY) • Roger Sherman (CT) • Thomas Jefferson (VA)