Th e Plantin g of English America

1. ThePlantingofEnglish America 1500–1733

2. NorthAmericain1600 • SouthAmericaand Mexicowere radicallyaltered byEuropeancontact • In 1600, NorthAmericawas largelyunclaimed andunexplored • Early1600s–3Europeanpowersmakeclaimsin3differentpartsofNorthAmerica 1607 – English atJamestown 1608 –FrenchatQuebec1610 –Spanishat SantaFe   

3. England’sImperialStirrings • WhyEnglandcolonizedAmericaslate Firsthalfof1500s, EnglandwasSpain’sally andhadlittleinterestincompetingwithSpain Inthe1530s, HenryVIII brokewiththeCatholic Church,settingoff decades-longreligiousconflict  

4. HenryVIII

5. England’sImperialStirrings • The Protestant faith becamedominantin Englandwhen QueenElizabeth tookthe thronein1558 • This intensified therivalrywithCatholic Spain

6. England’sImperialStirrings • Irelandbecamethesceneofconflict betweenEnglandand Spain Catholic Irishwanted independencefromEngland 1570s– 1580s –Englishtroops crushedIrishuprising usingextremelybrutaltactics   Englishsoldiersdeveloped contemptforIrish “savages”;attitudebroughtto NewWorld. Indianswere also referred to as “savages” Protestantlandlords“planted”onconfiscatedIrishland (plantations)  

7. ElizabethEnergizesEngland • QueenElizabeth (1533–1603) • Powerfulandpopularqueen • EncouragedEnglishexpansion

8. QueenElizabeth

9. ElizabethEnergizesEngland • “seadogs” • English pirateswhoplunderedSpanishtreasureships andsettlements(eventhoughEngland andSpainweretechnicallyat peace) • EncouragedbyambitiousQueenElizabeth Most famouswasSir FrancisDrake • Traveledworld;broughtbackhugeamountof treasuretoEnglandstolenfromSpanish   

10. Sir Francis Drake

11. SirFrancisDrakeAttacking SpanishTreasureShip

12. ElizabethEnergizesEngland • Newfoundland • FirstEnglishattemptatcolonization • Collapsedwhenitspromoter,SirHumphreyGilbert,diedatsea(1583)

13. SirGilbert Humphrey

14. ElizabethEnergizesEngland • Roanoke • 1585–island settledoff coastofVirginiabyGilbert’shalf-brother,Sir WalterRaleigh • Roanokecolonistsdisappeared;stilla mysteryastowhat happenedtothem

15. SirWalterRaleigh

16. RoanokeIsland

17. Croatoan

18. ElizabethEnergizesEngland • SpanishArmada Catholic SpanishKingPhilipIIassembled“InvincibleArmada”ofships toinvadeEngland SpanishgoalsweretoendtheProtestantReformationandtakerevengeforEnglish raidsbyseadogs   • In 1588, theSpanishsailedforEngland English seadogsattackedusingbetterships (faster,more maneuverable,withbettercrew) and inflictedheavydamagesontheSpanish Thenhugestorm(the“Protestantwind”) finishedoff theSpanish  

19. TheDefeatoftheSpanishArmada

20. ElizabethEnergizesEngland • SpanishArmadawasbeginningoftheendfortheSpanishempire • Took3morecenturiesforempire tofullyunravelas Spainlostitsoverseascolonies • Spainhadoverreacheditself,sowing the seeds ofitsown destruction

21. ElizabethEnergizesEngland • ImportanceoftheSpanishArmadatoEngland • Englandbecame theworld’s strongest ocean power. • DampenedSpain’sfightingspirit • New characteristics of England: • astrong,unifiedcountry • popularmonarch • religiousunity • strongsense ofnationalism    • 1604–peacetreatywith the Spanish

22. EnglandontheEve ofEmpire • England’s“surpluspopulation” • Populationexpanding(increased1million–to4million–by1600) • Enclosure Movement- English landownersenclosedcroplandsfor sheepgrazing,removingmanypeoplefromtheland • Late1500s –depressionhit woolindustry,puttingmanypeopleoutof work • Puritansstrongintheseareas • Lawsof primogeniture– onlyeldestsonsinheritedestates; ambitiousyoungersons(likeGilbert,Raleigh,Drake)hadtoseek fortuneselsewhere    

23. FarmLandBeforethe EnclosureMovement

24. FarmLandAfterthe EnclosureMovement

25. EnglandontheEve ofEmpire • Earlyadventurers (ontheirown) wereunsuccessful • Joint-stockcompany,forerunnersofthemoderncorporation,were perfectedin theearly1600s • Investors(“adventurers”)pooledcapital tofinancetripstothe New World

26. EnglandontheEve ofEmpire • ThestagewasnowsetforEnglish colonization • PeacewithSpain • Populationgrowth • Unemployment • Thirstfor adventure,markets,religious freedom • Joint-stockcompanies

27. EnglandPlantstheJamestownSeedling • Virginiawasnamed for“virgin”QueenElizabeth • VirginiaCompanyofLondon financed it. • Jointstock companycharteredbyKingJamesI • Purposewasgoldanddesire tofindpassage throughAmericatoIndies • Fewinvestorsthoughtof long-termcolonization • Onlyintendedforthecompany toexistforafew years; investorswouldthenliquidateitforprofit • Enormouspressureputoncoloniststo quicklyfind richesorriskbeingabandoned   

28. EnglandPlantstheJamestownSeedling • ThecharteroftheVirginiaCompany GuaranteedtocolonistssamerightsasEnglishmenasif theyhadstayedin England Thisprovisionincorporatedintofuturecolonists’charters Later, rebellious colonistsduringtheAmericanRevolution would insiston“rights of Englishmen”againstgovernment   

29. EnglandPlantstheJamestownSeedling • Late 1606 –VirginiaCompanysent out3ships • Spring1607 –landed atthemouthofChesapeakeBay;attackedbyIndiansthereand movedupthebay • May24,1607 –about100 colonists(all men)landed atJamestown,alongbanks ofJamesRiver(bothnamed fortheking) The site waseasily defended,butswarmedwithdisease-causingmosquitoes 

30. NewSettlersonShores of Jamestown

31. MapofJamestown

32. JamestownFort,1607

33. EnglandPlantstheJamestownSeedling • NightmareofJamestownduringearly years 1606 –1607 –about40peoplediedon voyagetoNewWorld 1609 –anothership fromEnglandlostleaders andsuppliesinashipwreckoffBermuda AtJamestown,settlersdiedby thedozens due todisease, malnutrition,andstarvation “gentlemen”colonistswouldnotwork themselves Settlers wasted time lookingforgoldinstead ofhuntingorfarming     

34. EnglandPlantstheJamestownSeedling • 1608–JohnSmithtook controlofcolony andsetupstrictrule • Smith wascreditedwithsavingthe colony • “Hewhoshallnot work shallnoteat.”became theruleofthecolony

35. CaptainJohn Smith

36. EnglandPlantstheJamestownSeedling • InspiteofSmith'sefforts,Jamestown enduredthe“starvingtime”duringthewinterof1609 –1610 • Colonistsstilldiedinhugenumbers • Forcedtoeat“dogges,Catts,Ratss,andMyce” • Someevenresorted tocannibalism:diggingup corpsesorfood • Oneman killedandate hiswife(andthenwas executed) • Of the400colonistswhohadarrivedby 1609, only60 survived by1610    

37. EnglandPlantstheJamestownSeedling Accounts: “those Hogs, Dogs & horses that were then in the Colony, together with rats, mice, snakes, or what vermin or carrion soever we could light on…” “the flesh and excrements of man, as well of our own nation as of an Indian, digged by some out of his grave after he had lain buried three days & wholly devoured him…” “one among the rest slew his wife as she slept in his bosom, cut her in pieces, powdered (salted) her & fed upon her till he had clean devoured all parts saving her head…”

38. EnglandPlantstheJamestownSeedling • In December1607 Smith wascaptured andsubjecttoamock executionby the Indianchief,Powhatan Pocahontas“saved”Smithinritualdesigned toshowSmiththepowerofPowhatanandthe desire of theIndianstoliveinpeace Pocahontasbecametheintermediarybetween Indiansandcolonists,preserving peaceandprovidingthe colonistswithfood  

39. Pocahontas

40. Pocahontas“Saves”CaptainSmith

41. EnglandPlantstheJamestownSeedling • In 1610, thecoloniststriedtosailback toEngland They weremetatthemouthof JamesRiver byreliefpartyheadedbyLordDe La Warr De La Warrordered colonistsback to Jamestown,imposedharshmilitarydiscipline, andtook aggressiveaction againstIndians   • Diseasecontinuedtokillmany 1625 –1,200 peoplelivedinVirginia,outof 8,000 whohadcome there 

42. CulturalClashinthe Chesapeake • PowhatanConfederacy • Powhatandominatedafewdozensmall tribesinarea ofJamesRiverwhenEnglisharrived • EnglishcalledallIndiansinarea Powhatans • PowhatanmayhaveseenEnglishasalliesinstruggletocontrolother Indians

43. CulturalClashinthe Chesapeake • RelationsbetweentheIndiansandEnglishgrewworse • Generalmistrustbecauseofdifferent culturesand languages • EnglishraidedIndianfoodsupplies duringstarvingtimes

44. CulturalClashinthe Chesapeake • 1610–1614 –First Anglo-PowhatanWar De La Warrhadorderstomakewaron Indians Veteranof warsagainstIrish, DeLa Warrbrought“Irishtactics”tofightIndians English raidedvillages,burnedhouses,tooksupplies,burnedcornfields   

45. CulturalClashinthe Chesapeake • 1614–1622–peacebetween PowhatanIndiansandEnglish • In 1614, peace wassealed bythemarriageofPocahontastoEnglishmanJohnRolfe (tobacco)

46. TheBaptismandMarriageofPocahontastoJohnRolfe

47. CulturalClashinthe Chesapeake • 1622–1644 –periodicattacksbetween Indiansand settlers Indians pushedbackoff landandkilledby Europeandiseases 1622 –IndiansattackedEnglish,killing 347(includingJohn Rolfe) VirginiaCompany called for“perpetualwar” againstIndians English raidsreduced native populationanddrovethemfurther westward    

48. CulturalClashinthe Chesapeake • 1644–1646–SecondAnglo- PowhatanWar • Last effortofnativestodefeat English • Indiansagain defeated • Peacetreatyof1646 • RemovedPowhatanIndiansfromtheiroriginalland • FormallyseparatedIndianand English settlementareas

49. The Chesapeake Colonies inthe Seventeenth Century

50. CulturalClashinthe Chesapeake • By1685therewereonly2,000 Indiansin Virginia(about10% numberin 1607) • By1689theEnglishconsideredthe PowhatanIndiansextinct