Unit 3: Building a New Nation Chapter 8: The Early Republic 1796 - 1804

1. Unit 3: Building a New Nation Chapter 8: The Early Republic 1796 - 1804

2. The Split Election of 1796 • Jefferson & Aaron Burr ran as Republicans • Adams & Thomas Pinckney ran as Federalists • Federalists were not united • Hamilton encouraged Pinckney supporters to cast only one vote (for Pinckney) so Adams wouldn’t get enough votes • Adams received the most votes, followed by Jefferson • Led to a split administration

3. XYZ Affair • The revolutionary govt. in France tried to influence American voting by favoring the Republican candidates • When Adams was elected, the French broke off relations with the U.S. • Angry, Adams sent Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney to Paris • French foreign minister Talleyrand declined to receive Pinckney & his peace delegation

4. XYZ Affair • Instead, they were approached by three go-betweens, later referred to as X, Y, & Z & offered a bribe • Congress created the Dept. of the Navy & a standing army • Sea battles in what became known as the Quasi-War led to the loss of many vessels on both sides • In 1800, the new French govt. under Napoleon signed a treaty & peace was restored

5. Repression & Protest • Election in 1798 increased Federalist majorities in both houses in Congress • Federalists proposed new laws to destroy all opposition & weaken political activities by immigrants • The Alien Acts • Naturalization Act • Alien Act • Alien Enemies Act

6. Repression & Protest • To try & weaken the Republican press, they passed the Sedition Act • Republicans claimed that the Alien & Sedition Acts violated the Bill of Rights • Congress ignored them, so they took their case to the state govts.

7. Repression & Protest • In the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions, Madison & Jefferson claimed that states have the right to overrule the federal govt. • No other states adopted this, & the issue died

8. The Revolution of 1800 • Election of 1800 had the same candidates as in 1796 • Jefferson & Burr received the same number of votes, so the selection went to the House • Hamilton threw his support for Jefferson • Increased ill will between Hamilton & Burr • Significance – nonviolent transfer of power from one party to another • 12th Amendment – requires separate balloting in the E. C. for the Pres. & Vice Pres.

9. The Marshall Court • The Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judgeships, which were filled by loyal Federalists • John Marshall, Adams Sec. of State, was appointed Chief of the S.C. • In Marburyv. Madison (1803), Marshall dismissedMarbury’ssuit & set the precedent for judicial review – the S.C. has the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution

10. The Louisiana Purchase (1803) • In 1800, Napoleon traded French land in southern Europe to Spain in exchange for Spain’s land in N. America • U.S. purchased it for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S.

11. Exploration of the L.P. • Before Napoleon’s offer, Jefferson had authorized an expedition to explore western territory to the Pacific • The Lewis & Clark group left St. Louis in 1804 & returned 2 ½ years later • Primary mission was to note the people who lived there & to chart waterways • Aided by Sacajawea • Returned with scientific info, knowledge of the people, & maps

12. African Americans in Jefferson’s Republic • Believed blacks were inferior to whites • Felt blacks & whites couldn’t live together • Free blacks did not achieve equality • They began to form their own institutions

13. Jefferson’s Indian Policy • Didn’t think they were inferior to Europeans • Created govt.-owned trading posts for Indians to acquire goods • Encouraged Indians to relocate to reservations