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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Hardware for Educators. CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES. Describe the system unit Define the term bit, and describe how a series of bits are used to represent data Identify the major components of the system unit and explain their functions

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Hardware for Educators

  2. CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES • Describe the system unit • Define the term bit, and describe how a series of bits are used to represent data • Identify the major components of the system unit and explain their functions • Explain how the CPU uses the four steps of a machine cycle to process data • List the characteristics of a keyboard and identify various types of keyboards

  3. CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES • Identify various types of pointing devices • Differentiate among the four types of output • Identify the different types of output devices • Explain the differences among various types of printers

  4. CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES • Differentiate between storage and memory • Identify types of storage media and devices • Explain how data is stored on floppy disks, hard disks, and CD-ROMs • Differentiate between CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs

  5. THE SYSTEM UNIT • System unit • Box-like case that houses the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data

  6. DATA REPRESENTATION • Analog vs. Digital • Digital • Two states • (1) on • (0) off

  7. DATA REPRESENTATION • Binary number system • Combination of ones and zeroes represent characters

  8. DATA REPRESENTATION • ASCII • American Standard Code for Information Interchange • Converting a keyboard stroke into a byte

  9. THE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT • The Motherboard • Contains many of the electronic components • Chip • A small piece of semiconducting material on which one or more integrated circuits are etched

  10. THE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT • CPU and Microprocessor • Interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer • Microprocessor contains the CPU in a PC

  11. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • The Control Unit • A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer • Fetch – get the next instruction from memory • Decode – translate the instruction • Execute – carry out the command • Store the result – write the result to memory • Machine cycle

  12. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • The Arithmetic/Logic Unit • Performs the execution part of the machine cycle • Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) • Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than) • Logical (AND, OR, NOT)

  13. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • The System Clock • Synchronizes all computer operations • Each tick is called a clock cycle • Faster clock means more instructions the CPU can execute each second • Speed measured in megahertz (MHz) • One million ticks of the system clock

  14. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Memory • Used to store data, instructions, and information • The operating system and other system software • Application programs • Data being processed by application programs • Bytes are stored at specific locations or addresses

  15. Seats in a stadium are similar to addresses in memory: • A seat in memory holds one person at a time, and an address in memory holds a single byte • Both a seat and an address can be empty • A seat has a unique identifying number and so does an address

  16. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Memory • Size of memory is measured by the number of bytes available

  17. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Memory • Volatile memory – contents are lost when the computer is powered down • Nonvolatile memory – contents are not lost when the computer is powered down

  18. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Random Access Memory (RAM) • The memory chips in the system unit • When the computer starts, operating system files are loaded from a hard disk into RAM • Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) • Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

  19. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Random Access Memory (RAM) • RAM Chips • Smaller in size than processor chips • Packaged on circuit boards called single inline memory modules (SIMMs) or dual inline memory modules (DIMMs)

  20. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Configuring RAM • The more RAM, the more programs and files a computer can work on at once • Software usually tells you how much RAM is required • Necessary RAM depends on what type of work the computer is used for

  21. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR Read-Only Memory (ROM) • Cannot be modified • Contents not lost when the computer is turned off

  22. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards • Expansion slot • An opening, or socket, where a circuit board can be inserted into the motherboard • Add new devices or capabilities to the computer • Expansion card • Circuit boards, such as a modem or graphics card, that add new capabilities to the computer

  23. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards • Three common types • Video card • Sound card • Internal modem • PC Cards • Plug and Play

  24. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Ports and Connectors • Port • Point of attachment to the system unit • Usually on the back of the computer • Connectors • Used to plug into ports • Male connectors • Female connectors

  25. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Ports and Connectors • New ports • USB • USB 2.0 • 1394 (FireWire)

  26. WHAT IS INPUT? • Any data or instructions you enter into the memory of a computer • Data – unorganized facts • Program – series of instructions that tells the computer how to perform a task • Command – an instruction given to a computer program • User response – responses to questions or messages from the software

  27. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer

  28. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • The Keyboard • Primary input device • Typing area • Numeric keypad • Toggle keys • Status lights • Arrow keys – arrow control keys • Function keys • Specialized buttons • Wireless keyboards

  29. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Pointing Devices • An input device that allows you to control a pointer on the screen • Block arrow • I-beam • Pointing hand

  30. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Pointing Devices • Mouse • One or two button mouse • Moving the mouse pointer • Clicking • Dragging • Double-clicking • Optical mouse • Cordless mouse

  31. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Touchpad and Pointing Stick • Touchpad – small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion • Pointing Stick – pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser

  32. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Pointing Devices • Trackball • Like a mouse, but the ball is on top • Often used on portable computers

  33. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Pointing Devices • Joystick • Uses the movement of a vertical lever • Often used with games • Wheel • Steering-wheel type input device • Used to simulate driving a car

  34. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Pointing Devices • Touch screen • Monitor has a touch sensitive panel • Used to issue simple commands or choose from a list of options • Kiosks

  35. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Optical Readers • Uses light to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data that can be processed by a computer • Optical character recognition (OCR) • Reads character printed in OCR font • Optical mark recognition (OMR) • Bar code

  36. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Optical Scanner • Electronically captures an entire page of text or images • Converts text or image into digital data than can be stored and used

  37. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Digital Cameras • Allows you to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally • Download, or transfer, pictures to your computer

  38. WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES? • Audio and Video Input • Audio input • Entering music, speech, or sound effects • Sound card • Speech Recognition • Computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words

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