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Biological Functionalism

Biological Functionalism. The Double Standard. “Sperm are cheap, eggs are expensive.”. Evolutionary Psychology on Male-Female Differences. Men are more promiscuous and less sexually reserved than women Women are inherently more interested in a stable relationship than men are

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Biological Functionalism

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  1. Biological Functionalism The Double Standard “Sperm are cheap, eggs are expensive.”

  2. Evolutionary Psychology on Male-Female Differences • Men are more promiscuous and less sexually reserved than women • Women are inherently more interested in a stable relationship than men are • Women are naturally attracted to high-status men with resources • Men are naturally attracted to youth and beauty • These preferences and desires were evolutionarily selected long ago and are not likely to change

  3. II. Biological Functionalism Counter examples - 1) Even some aspects of sexual anatomy seem hard to explain in terms of biological functionalism. 2) Human sexual behavior is subject to enormous cultural variation 3) The animal kingdom is subject to wide variation in sexual behavior. Abstract principles like “sperm are cheap, eggs are expensive” are subject to debate.

  4. Biological Functionalism • What is the biological function of the placement of the clitoris?

  5. Biological Functionalism • Differences between men and women in mate selection criteria are very small when you compare them to differences across cultures.

  6. III. Motivational Theories Hull-Spence Drive Theory: • need • motive • drive sex = hunger drive ? thirst

  7. IV. Learning Theories A. Operant Conditioning • Skinner’s S->R concept

  8. IV. Learning Theories How does SEX fit into an Operant Conditioning Model? • Stimulus->Response->Reward • Stimulus->Sexual Response->Reward • Stimulus->Response->Sex

  9. IV. Learning Theories B. Classical Conditioning • Pavlovian conditioning Ivan Pavlov

  10. Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus

  11. IV. Learning Theories C. Social Learning • Imitation • Identification

  12. V. Cognitive Theories • Human Beings are Information Processing Systems • Computer is a powerful metaphor for human information processing • Sexual dysfunction has been analyzed as a cybernetic system

  13. VI. Sociological Approaches Some Important Sociological Concepts: • Norms • Roles (gender roles) • Scripts

  14. VI. Sociological Approaches • Scripts specify • Roles • Props • Settings • Behavioral Sequence

  15. VI. Sociological Approaches Jemail & Geer (1977) - sex script 1) Kissing 2) Hand stimulation of the breasts 3) Hand stimulation of the genitals 4) Mouth stimulation of the genitals 5) Intercourse 6) Orgasm

  16. First Date Script 55% Male arrives at female’s residence 33% Female greets male at the door 43% Conversation 36% Introduction to parents/roommates-leave 16% Discuss where to go 33% Small talk

  17. First Date Script (continued) 43% Go to movie 16% Male buys refreshments 23% Go to get something to eat/drink - talk 65% Male takes female home 20% Male walks female to door 27% Complimentary summary of evening

  18. First Date Script 53% Indicate future interest/disinterest 71% Kiss 34% Say “Good Night” - “Thanks” 25% Male returns home

  19. VIII. Anthropological Approaches Inis Beag • • • • • Mangaia

  20. Inis Beag................ ........Mangaia

  21. PROCREATIONAL RELATIONAL RECREATIONAL Cultural Diversity EROTOPHOBIC - EROTOPHILIC CONTINUUM CELIBATE CHASTE ACTIVE EXPRESSIVE REPRESSIVE RESTRICTIVE PERMISSIVE SUPPORTIVE SEX - EROTOPHOBIC condemnation SEX + EROTOPHILIC celebration

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