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Chapter Eleven

Chapter Eleven. Addressing Terrorism, Street Gangs, and Drugs. Terrorism. FBI defines terrorism as the “unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives”.

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Chapter Eleven

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  1. Chapter Eleven Addressing Terrorism, Street Gangs, and Drugs

  2. Terrorism • FBI defines terrorism as the “unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives”

  3. Terrorism Three categories • Foreign sponsors of international terrorism • Formalized terrorist groups • Loosely affiliated international radical extremists

  4. Terrorism • Police find themselves vulnerable in six types of situations • Traffic stops • Residence visits • Rallies/marches • Confrontations/standoffs • Revenge and retaliation • Incident responses

  5. Terrorism • Bioterrorism • Four major aspects involved in dealing with terrorist organizations • Gathering raw intelligence on the organization’s structure, its members, and its plans • Determining what measures can be taken to counter or thwart terrorist activities

  6. Terrorism • Assessing how the damage caused by terrorists can be minimized through rapid response and containment • Apprehending and convicting individual terrorists and dismantling their organization

  7. Terrorism • Military support of law enforcement • Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 • National Incident Management System • Provide a consistent nationwide approach for governments to work together

  8. Terrorism • Incident Command System • Five major functions • Command • Operations • Planning • Logistics • Finance/administration

  9. Terrorism • Multiagency Coordination Systems • Combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications • May contain emergency response centers (EOCs) • Incident command post (ICP)

  10. Terrorism Preparedness Divided into six areas • Plans • Training • Exercises • Personnel qualifications and certification

  11. Terrorism • Equipment acquisition and certification • Mutual aid USA PATRIOT Act • Expanded the federal government’s ability to investigate Americans without establishing probable cause and to conduct searches

  12. Terrorism • Reauthorized in 2006, providing additional tools for protecting mass transportation systems, seaports, combating meth epidemic, and creating a National Security Division at the Department of Justice • “roving wiretap” and “sneak and peek”

  13. Terrorism • Military Commissions Act of 2006 • Try unlawful enemy combatants • Authorized to sentence defendants to death • Defendants are prevented from invoking the Geneva Convention as a source of rights

  14. Terrorism • Provision stripping detainees of the right to file habeas corpus petitions • Allows hearsay evidence • Allows CIA to continue questioning key terrorist leaders and operatives

  15. COPPS and Homeland Defense Numerous community information sources • Business owners • Transportation centers and tourist attractions • Sellers of licenses and permits • Delivery services

  16. COPPS and Homeland Defense • Colleges and universities • Real estate agents • Storage unit managers • Hotel clerks and security officers • COPPS should play a central role in the defense of our homeland

  17. Street Gangs Gangs are comprised of three types of persons • Hardcores • Associates • Peripherals • Most females fall into the last category • Join the gang by committing a crime or undergoing an initiation procedure

  18. Street Gangs • U. S. Justice Department estimates: • There are more that 16,000 gangs and over 500,000 gang members • 47.8% are African-American • 42.7% are Hispanic • 5.2% Asians

  19. Street Gangs • Research indicates: • The most typical age range has been approximately 14 to 24 • Some as young as 10 years of age • Several generations in the same family who are gang members

  20. Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1 • Crips began in Los Angeles in 1969 • Address each other as “cuzz” • Crips graffiti can be identified by the symbol “B/K” that stands for “Blood Killers” • Bloods reported to have formed in and near Compton, California, as a means of protection against the Crips

  21. Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1 • Address each other as “Blood” • Gang graffiti uses the terms “BS” for “Bloodstone” and “C/K” for “Crips Killers” • Mara Salvatrucha 13, or MS-13 is one of the most rapidly spreading, well-organized, and deadly gangs in the US

  22. Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1 • Organized in Los Angeles in the late 1980s • Initial purpose was to defend Salvadoran immigrants • Primary purpose now is to prey upon the Salvadoran community • Now have affiliated groups along the East Coast

  23. Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1 • Public Enemy No. 1 • Poses an extraordinary degree of danger for police • Had a hit list of 5 California officers and a gang prosecutor • Roots in punk rock subculture of Long Beach

  24. Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1 • Very violent and deals in drugs, guns, and identity theft • Forged an alliance with the Aryan Brotherhood • Use money from identity theft to fund its methamphetamines business

  25. Graffiti • Annual cost of graffiti is estimated to be between $10 billion and $12 billion • Five types of graffiti communication • Publicity graffiti • Roll call graffiti • Territorial graffiti • Threatening graffiti • Sympathetic graffiti

  26. Graffiti • 5 states have laws that ban spray paint sales to minors • Chicago bans spray paint sales to the public altogether • Chicano gangs use nonverbal communication known as placa

  27. Police Responses Four types of programs • Prevention programs • Intervention programs • Suppression programs • Comprehensive programs Mediation of a peace agreement

  28. Gangs and Terrorism • Some gangs share with the terrorists the inclination toward the use of violence to achieve political and economic ends • There might be physical links between street gangs • Gang members and terrorists might be drawn from similar ranks of disaffected youth

  29. Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs • About 1.75 million U. S. citizens are arrested for drug violations per year • Almost four in ten violent crimes involve alcohol • Half of all convicted jail inmates were high on drugs or alcohol at the time of their offense

  30. Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs • Of the total prison population: • 20% are in prison for drug offenses • 19.3% of the male prisoners • 29.1% of the female prisoners • Drug offenses are the reason that 23.7% of blacks, 14.3% of whites, and 22.9% of Hispanics are in state prisons

  31. Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs • Methamphetamines is a central nervous system stimulant • Cheap and addictive • Negative effects include physical addiction, psychotic behavioral episodes, and brain damage • Prevalent in the West and Midwest

  32. Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs • Clandestine drug labs • Meth accounts for 80 to 90% of the labs’ total production • Dealing with the labs requires extraordinarily high levels of technical expertise • HAZMAT

  33. Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs • Average cost of cleaning up materials from a lab range from $2,500 to $10,000 • Police responses to the labs • Using federal and state organized crime and racketeering statutes • Searching homes and vehicles of former lab operators who are on probation and parole • Seizing and filing for forfeiture operators’ assets

  34. Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs • Enforcing environmental protection laws • Filing civil actions against persons who allow their property to be used as labs • Monitoring the sale and distribution of essential and precursor chemicals used in such labs

  35. Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs • Open-air drug markets • Lowest level of the drug distribution network • Some open-air drug activities that the police have undertaken • Policing the area in a highly visible fashion • Enforcing the law intensively

  36. Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs • Using intelligence-led investigative work • Arresting drug buyers in “reverse stings” • Raves • Dance parties that feature fast-paced, repetitive, electronic music and light shows

  37. Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs • Drug use is intended to enhance ravers’ sensations and boost their energy • Create a blend of attitudes, drugs, and behaviors not found in other forms of youth culture • Ecstasy is most closely associated with rave parties and can cause brain damage

  38. Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs • High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Program (HIDTA) • Office of National Drug Control Policy designates an area as a high-intensity drug area • Illegal drug production, manufacturing, importation, or distribution • Receives more than $225 million per year

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