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Welcome to 68-500 Computer Organization

Welcome to 68-500 Computer Organization. The $64 Million Question. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ What does computer organization have to do with security? $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. Key Ideas. Why use a Computer? What is a Program? (Job, Process) How does the Computer Work?.

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Welcome to 68-500 Computer Organization

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  1. Welcome to 68-500Computer Organization

  2. The $64 Million Question $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ What does computer organization have to do with security? $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

  3. Key Ideas • Why use a Computer? • What is a Program? (Job, Process) • How does the Computer Work?

  4. Driving Forces / Dilemma's • Automation: Faster, cheaper, less man hours, increased efficiencies. • Hours X Salary = Wage • Interfacing Man with Machine. How do we communicate? • ABC123 Verse 0 / 1

  5. Why Automate? • Speed • Cost • Precision • Streamline Business Processes • The Assembly Line Concept • Improve Repetitive Tasks • Data Retention • High Availability • Reduce turnaround time

  6. Unit of Work • Program - instructions to achieve a result • Job – set of work done by a computer • Process - program in execution • Thread - independent stream of program instructions. (subprocess)

  7. What is a program? • A sequence of steps • For each step, an arithmetic or logical operation is done • For each operation, a different set of control signals is needed

  8. How does the Computer Work? • The stored program computer model: simple controls: fetch and execute. • Simple Instruction set (Move, Add) • Transferring Data between Function Units • Major Plus: Is Programmable

  9. Program Concept • Hardwired systems are inflexible • General purpose hardware can do different tasks, given correct control signals • Instead of re-wiring, supply a new set of control signals

  10. History of Computers 1890 Industrial Revolution to 1990 Internet Revolution

  11. Technology Timeline 1890 Industrial Revolution, Census 1914-1918 WWI (Start of the Arms Race) 1940 WWII, Sonar, Radar, Transistor 1950 War Over = Happy Days, TV 1960 Space Race, NASA, Kennedy’s Dream 1970 VCR, Betamax 1980 PC 1990 Internet

  12. The Beginning • Herman Hollerith • Father of Modern Data Processing • 1890 Census • Tabulating Card (1st storage dev) • Tabulating & Sorter Machine • Non Programmable , Hardwired

  13. 1890 Punch Card

  14. Tabulating Companies • Tabulating Machine Company (Hollerith) • 1911 TMC merged with Computing Scale Corporation & International Time Recording = Computer Tabulating Company (CTR) • 1924 CTR = IBM

  15. ABC computer • 1939 Dr. Jan Atanasoff & Clifford Berry • $650 Grant from University of Iowa • Desk size calculator used to calculate linear equations • Not programmable (only did one thing) • I/O bound

  16. von Neumann 1945-47 • Stored Program concept • Main memory storing programs and data • ALU operating on binary data • Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing • Input and output equipment operated by control unit • Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies • Completed in 1952

  17. Structure of von Neumann machine

  18. IAS - details • 1000 x 40 bit words • Binary number • 2 x 20 bit instructions • Set of registers (storage in CPU) • Memory Buffer Register • Memory Address Register • Instruction Register • Instruction Buffer Register • Program Counter • Accumulator • Multiplier Quotient

  19. ENIAC - background • Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer • Eckert and Mauchly • University of Pennsylvania • Trajectory tables for weapons - Army • Started 1943 • Finished 1946 • Too late for war effort • Used until 1955

  20. ENIAC - details • Decimal (not binary) • 20 accumulators of 10 digits • Programmed manually by switches • 18,000 vacuum tubes • 30 tons • 15,000 square feet • 140 kW power consumption • 5,000 additions per second

  21. Commercial Computers • 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation • UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) • First Digital Commercial Computer • US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations • Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation • Late 1950s - UNIVAC II (Faster -More memory)

  22. IBM • Punched-card processing equipment • 1953 - the 701 • IBM’s first stored program computer • Scientific calculations • 1955 - the 702 • Business applications • Lead to 700/7000 series

  23. Transistors • Replaced vacuum tubes • Smaller • Cheaper • Less heat dissipation • Solid State device • Made from Silicon (Sand) • Invented 1947 at Bell Labs • William Shockley et al.

  24. Transistor Based Computers • Second generation machines • NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines • IBM 7000 • DEC - 1957 • Produced PDP-1

  25. Microelectronics • Literally - “small electronics” • A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections • These can be manufactured on a semiconductor • e.g. silicon wafer

  26. Generations of Computer • Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 • Transistor - 1958-1964 • Small scale integration - 1965 on • Up to 100 devices on a chip • Medium scale integration - to 1971 • 100-3,000 devices on a chip • Large scale integration - 1971-1977 • 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip • Very large scale integration - 1978 to date • 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip • Ultra large scale integration • Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

  27. IBM 360 series • 1964 • Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series • First planned “family” of computers • Similar or identical instruction sets • Similar or identical O/S • Increasing speed • Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals) • Increased memory size • Increased cost • Multiplexed switch structure

  28. DEC PDP-8 • 1964 • First minicomputer (after miniskirt!) • Did not need air conditioned room • Small enough to sit on a lab bench • $16,000 • $100k+ for IBM 360 • Embedded applications & OEM • BUS STRUCTURE

  29. Semiconductor Memory • 1970 • Fairchild • Size of a single core • i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage • Holds 256 bits • Non-destructive read • Much faster than core • Capacity approximately doubles each year

  30. Intel • 1971 - 4004 • First microprocessor • All CPU components on a single chip • 4 bit • Followed in 1972 by 8008 • 8 bit • Both designed for specific applications • 1974 - 8080 • Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor

  31. Pentium Evolution (1) • 8080 • first general purpose microprocessor • 8 bit data path • Used in first personal computer – Altair • 8086 • much more powerful • 16 bit • instruction cache, prefetch few instructions • 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC • 80286 • 16 Mbyte memory addressable • up from 1Mb • 80386 • 32 bit • Support for multitasking

  32. Pentium Evolution (2) • 80486 • sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining • built in maths co-processor • Pentium • Superscalar • Multiple instructions executed in parallel • Pentium Pro • Increased superscalar organization • Aggressive register renaming (dynamic reg allocation) • branch prediction • data flow analysis ( execute based on data dependency, and not on program text order.) • speculative execution

  33. Pentium Evolution (3) • Pentium II • MMX technology • graphics, video & audio processing • Pentium III • Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics • Pentium 4 • Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals • Further floating point and multimedia enhancements • Itanium • 64 bit • see chapter 15 ( hardware support of parallelism) • See Intel web pages for detailed information on processors

  34. Function of Control Unit • For each operation a unique code is provided • e.g. ADD, MOVE • A hardware segment accepts the code and issues the control signals • We have a computer!

  35. Architecture & Organization • Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer • Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. • e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? • Organization is how features are implemented • Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. • e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

  36. Architecture & Organization 2 • All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture • The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture • This gives code compatibility • At least backwards • Organization differs between different versions

  37. Structure & Function • Structure is the way in which components relate to each other • Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

  38. Function • All computer functions are: • Data processing • Data storage • Data movement • Control

  39. Functional view

  40. Operations (1) Data movement

  41. Operations (2) Storage

  42. Operation (3) Processing from/to storage

  43. Operation (4)Processing from storage to I/O

  44. Structure - Top Level Computer Peripherals Central Processing Unit Main Memory Computer Systems Interconnection Input Output Communication lines

  45. Structure - The CPU CPU Arithmetic and Login Unit Computer Registers I/O System Bus CPU Internal CPU Interconnection Memory Control Unit

  46. Structure - The Control Unit Control Unit CPU Sequencing Login ALU Control Unit Internal Bus Control Unit Registers and Decoders Registers Control Memory

  47. The $64 Million Question $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ What does computer organization have to do with security? $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

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