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CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER HARDWARE

CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER HARDWARE. The Significance of Hardware. Pace of hardware development is extremely fast. Keeping up requires a basic understanding of hardware issues. New hardware (or falling prices) often leads to new business opportunities. Computer Hardware.

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CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER HARDWARE

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  1. CHAPTER 2COMPUTER HARDWARE

  2. The Significance of Hardware • Pace of hardware development is extremely fast. Keeping up requires a basic understanding of hardware issues. • New hardware (or falling prices) often leads to new business opportunities.

  3. Computer Hardware • The physical equipment used for input, processing, output, and storage • Central processing unit (CPU) • Memory (primary and secondary storage) • Input technologies • Output technologies • Communication technologies

  4. Computer System Components

  5. How the Processor/CPU works

  6. A More detailed view… Source: www.tomshardwareguide.com

  7. Processing Characteristics • Machine Cycle Time • Time it takes to execute the instruction and execution phases • Measured in Million Instruction Per Second (MIPS) or FLoating point Operations Per Second (FLOPS) • Clock Speed • A series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate, that affect machine cycle time • Measured in MHz or GHz (fastest desktop CPUs today are 2.4 GHz • Word Length • How many bits are processed at a time by the CPU • 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 • AMD and Intel are now shipping 64 bit processors • All are crude measures of performance • E.g. AMD Athlon XP 2600+ (2.1 GHz) is faster than Intel P4 2.6 GHz

  8. Advances in Microprocessor Design • Increasing miniaturization of transistors • Making the physical layout of the chip’s components as compact and efficient as possible • New materials for the chip that improve the conductivity (flow) of electricity • Superconductivity • Optical processors • Major problem today: Heat! • Uncooled, a CPU would melt itself in seconds!

  9. Moore’s Law The number of transistors in a chip will double every 18 months. - Gordon Moore, 1965

  10. Moore’s Law Illustrated

  11. Memory Characteristics and Functions • Primary Storage • Stores what the CPU will use directly • Storage Capacity • Types of Memory • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Read-Only Memory (ROM)

  12. Storage Measurements • Some devices are measure in ’metric’ bytes • 1 KB = 1000 Bytes • Gives a larger number • 100 MB = 105 million Bytes

  13. Basic Types of Memory Chips Content stays when power is off Content disappears when power is off

  14. Secondary Storage • stores very large amounts of data for extended periods of time • typically non-volatile • much slower than primary storage • can be much more cost effective than primary storage • uses a variety of media, each with its own technology

  15. Magnetic Tapes Magnetic Disks RAID Storage area network (SAN) Optical Disks Magneto-optical Disk Digital Video Disk (DVD) Memory Cards Expandable Storage Types of Secondary Storage

  16. Secondary Storage Devices • Fixed Media • Hard disks (40-100 GB) • Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) • Removable Media • Diskette (1.44 MB) • Laser-servo diskette (120 MB) • Combines magnetic and optical storage • Cartridge disks – e.g. Jaz (1-2 GB) • Tape (GB) • CD-ROM (640-700 MB) • CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-ROM (4.7GB), DVD-RAM • Flash memory (4-512 MB)

  17. Costs for Data Storage

  18. Storage Area Network (SAN) • Storing and accessing data is becoming increasingly important • SAN offers • Lots of bandwidth • Easily upgraded • Less hassle • More security • SAN is a hot topic

  19. Keyboard and mouse Voice-recognition devices Digital Computer Cameras Terminals Scanning Devices Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) Devices Touch Sensitive Screens Bar Code Scanners Input Devices Source Data Automation: Making input digitial at the time data is created

  20. Softcopy Video Monitors Video Terminals Speakers Robotic Hardcopy Printers Plotters Other Hardcopy Media transparencies microfilm CD-ROM Slides Multi function devices Hardware for Output

  21. Cell phone Handheld (palm) Laptop Desktop PC Server Workstation Midrange (small mainframe) e.g. IBM AS/400 Mainframe e.g. IBM S/390 Supercomputer e.g. Cray Note: There are also computers embedded in appliances, toys, cars, etc. Computer classification Small, slow BIG, FAST

  22. Supercomputers: The World’s Fastest Computers • Current Champion • NEC’s Earth Simulator • 36 TerraFlops • Cost: $350 million • Upcomer • Cray Inc’s X1 • Basic unit: 800 GigaFlops, cost: $10 million • Theoretical max: 51 TeraFlops • Alternative Approach • Clusters of regular networked PCs • Example: 1152 computers with 2304 Intel Xeon Processors achieve 11 TFlops (Top 3) • Top 5: http://www.top500.org/lists/2003/06/top5.php • Video

  23. PC Architecture

  24. Source: www.pctechguide.com

  25. Source: www.aopen.com.tw More detail at: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/motherboard2.htm

  26. The next times • Thursday • Due: Lab 2 • Tuesday • Rest of Chapter 2: Software

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