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SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL THEORIES OF CRIME

2. ?while socialisation theories assume original sin, and focus on the development or restraints or inhibitions against deviance, social psychological and sociological theories ?assume that humans are essentially conforming, and deviate only when pressured into doing so by societal influences. This?

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SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL THEORIES OF CRIME

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    1. 1 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL THEORIES OF CRIME

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    3. 3 Sociological Theories Differential Association Main thesis: different socal organisation implies different subcultural traditions; this potentially brings conflicting norms. Emphasize the process – ratio of exposure- by which criminogenic traditions are transmitted; takes the form of 9 propositions Critics: untestable, only accounts for the acquisition of criminal tendencies, not for performance

    4. 4 Sociological Theories Strain and subcultural theories Main thesis of strain theory: people hates wide disparity between aspirations and expectations, and may turn to illegitimate behavior Main thesis of subcultural theory: there is normative conflict between class cultures or subcultures. Critics: both overpredicts crime among the working class and young people

    5. 5 Sociological Theories Control Theory Main thesis: restraining factors are needed to ensure conformity The role of self control Violations of social restraints involve personal costs Critics: not credible explanation toward the low self control people

    6. 6 Sociological Theories Labelling theory Main thesis: social reactions to norms violation may alter the course of deviance 3 assumptions: Crime is a label; reactions are governed by characteristics of offenders; a deviant self-image fosters a delinquent career Primary deviance and secondary deviance Critics: too much focusing the underdog

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    8. 8 Learning Theories Three distinctive schools Applied behavioural analysis Neo-behaviourism Social learning theory Increasingly concern with cognition as the structuring of experience – social cognitive theory Knowledge exerts control over behavior

    9. 9 Two dominant themes in learning perspectives on crime Views crime and delinquency as a failure of socialisation Views crime as a learned phenomenon

    10. 10 Early learning models of criminal behaviour drew on two-process theory. Behaviour is stimulated by the development of conditioning and avoidance learning

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    12. 12 Learning theory and sociological theories of crime Burgess & Akers: “Intimate personal groups” theory Andrews: The contingent effects of exposure to criminal and anticriminal pattern + interpersonal conditions on criminal attitudes and behavior in the context on interventions within prison & probation services Hirschi: control theory toward delinquents

    13. 13 In contrast to positivist models,,,, the classical utilitarianism…saw criminal behavior as the outcome of rational calculation of the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action (p. 103)

    14. 14 Environmental Criminology Main thesis: criminality prevails according to environmental opportunities and situational constraint Environmental determinism - key concepts: defensible space, routine activities, situational crime prevention, target hardening

    15. 15 The deterrence hypothesis Deterrence: any process by which an act is prevented or hindered, and is entailed in any consideration of compliant behavior Bentham: when the calculated costs of punishment outweight the subjective benefits, a criminal behavior is deterred Deterrence is in fact a variable

    16. 16 Limited Rationality Three assumptions by Clarke & Cornish (p. 108) Limited rationality as against normative rationality – the exercise of limited factors prior committing crime

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