APA Style

1. APA Style In Text Citations

2. One Work by One Author • Walker (2000) compared reaction times • In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000) • If name of author is part of narrative, cite year of publication in parentheses • Otherwise, place name and year separated by a comma in parentheses • Within a paragraph, do not include the year in subsequent references to the study if it cannot be confused with other studies • E.g. In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method. . . . Walker also found

3. One Work by Multiple Authors • When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time! • When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all the first time. After the first citation, cite the first author followed by et al. If in a new paragraph, include the year in the first citation. • Exception: if two references with the same year shorten to the same citation, cite as many authors as necessary to distinguish among the references. • Six or more authors: cite surname of the first author followed by et al., and year. Same exception as before. • In text, separate authors with the word “and”. In parentheses, use an ampersand (&).

4. Groups as Authors • The names of groups are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation. Some group authors are spelled out the first time and then abbreviated. Make sure the reader will be able to locate the citation in the reference list easily. • E.g. National Institute of Mental Health. (1999). • (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999) • (NIMH, 1999) • E.g. University of Pittsburgh. (1993). • (University of Pittsburgh, 1993)

5. Works With No Author or With an Anonymous Author • When a work has no author, cite the first few words of reference list entry and year. Use quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, italicize titles of periodical, books, brochures, or reports. • E.g. on free care (“Study Finds,” 1982) • E.g. the book College Bound Seniors (1979) • When an author is “Anonymous”, cite the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date • E.g. (Anonymous, 1998)

6. Authors With the Same Surname • Include the first author’s initials in all text citations even if the year of publication differs. • R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found • J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied

7. Two or More Works Within the Same Parentheses • Order citations in the same order as reference list (alphabetically by first author’s surname, separated by semicolons) • Arrange two or more works by the same author by publication year, with in-press citations last • Give author’s surname once, for subsequent works, give date only • E.g. Past research (Edeline & Weinberger, 1991, 1993) • If same author and same publication date, use suffixes a, b, c, etc. after the year • E.g. Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh 1983) • You may separate a major citation by inserting “see also” before the remaining citations • E.g. (Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 1997)

8. Specific Parts of a Source • Indicate page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point. • Always give page numbers for quotations!!!!! • The words page and chapter are abbreviated in citations • E.g. (Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332) • E.g. (Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3) • For electronic sources without page numbers, use paragraph symbol or the abbreviation para. Followed by number