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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Perfect & Pluperfect Active Subjunctive Indirect Questions Review of Infinitives. Subjunctive. Remember that there are only four tenses of the subjunctive. Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect. Infinitives.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Perfect & Pluperfect Active Subjunctive Indirect Questions Review of Infinitives

  2. Subjunctive • Remember that there are only four tenses of the subjunctive. • Present • Imperfect • Perfect • Pluperfect

  3. Infinitives • For conjugating purposes, its important to relearn an infinitive synopsis before we fully conjugate a subjunctive verb in the perfect and pluperfect. • Infinitives • 3 tenses • Present, Perfect, and Future

  4. Present Active Infinitive • Simply the second principle part of the verb. • Amo, amare, amavi, amatus-a-um • Simply translated as to + verb.

  5. Present Passive Infinitive • For 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugation verbs, simply remove the last vowel “e” and replace it with an “i”. • E.g. Amare (present active) = amari (present passive) • For 3rd conjugation verbs, remove the whole “-ere” ending, then put the “i” • E.g. Cogere (present active) = cogi (present passive)

  6. Perfect Active Infinitive • Find the stem from the third principle part of the verb (remove the “i”), then add “isse”. This is done the same for all four conjugations • E.g. Amo, amare, amavi, amatus-a-um • Stem = amav • Ending= isse • Perfect Active Infinitive of Amo = amavisse • Translate as to have + verb

  7. Perfect Passive Infinitive • Done the same for all four conjugations. Simply take the fourth principle part of the verb, then add esse as a separate word. • Amo, amare, amavi, amatus-a-um • Perfect passive infinitive of amo = Amatusesse • Translate as to have been + verb • Remember the fourth principle part must agree with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender. Also, sometimes esse may be omitted.

  8. Future Active Infinitive • Done the same for all four conjugations. Place a “-ur” before the “-us” ending in the fourth principle part. Then add “esse” as the second word like in the perfect passive. • Amo, amare, amavi, amatus-a-um • Future active infinitive = amaturusesse • Translate as to be about to + verb.

  9. Future Passive Infinitive There is no future passive infinitive.

  10. Infinitive Synopsisamo, amare, amavi, amatus-a-um ActivePassive Presentamareamari to love to be loved Perfectamavisseamatusesse to have loved to have been loved Futureamaturusesse XXXXX to be about to love

  11. Infinitive Synopsiscogo,cogere, coegi,coactus-a-um ActivePassive Presentcogerecogi to force to be forced Perfectcoegissecoactusesse to have forced to have been forced Futurecoacturusesse XXXXX to be about to force

  12. Perfect Active Subjunctive Find the stem by removing the “i” from the 3rd principal part. Then add “-eri” to the end of the stem Then add the personal subjunctive endinsm, s, t, mus, tis, nt. Done the same for all four conjugations Also the same process for sum and possum. Notice how these forms look exactly like the future perfect forms in the indicative (except for the 1st person singular)

  13. Perfect Active SubjunctiveAmo, amare, amavi, amatus-a-um SingularPlural 1stAmaverimAmaverimus 2ndAmaverisAmaveritis 3rdAmaveritAmaverint

  14. Pluperfect Active Subjunctive Find the stem by removing the “i” from the 3rd principal part. Then add “-isse” to the end of the stem Then add the personal subjunctive endinsm, s, t, mus, tis, nt. Done the same for all four conjugations Also the same process for sum and possum.

  15. Pluperfect Active SubjunctiveAmo, amare, amavi, amatus-a-um SingularPlural 1stAmavissemAmavissemus 2ndAmavissesAmavissetis 3rdAmavissetAmavissent

  16. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive of Sum and Possum Pg. 73-74 and 76

  17. Indirect Questions (pg. 78) • Like indirect statements, contain a cognitive verb • Subordinate clauses • Begin with an interrogative word such as the interrogative pronoun or adjective • The only differences between an indirect statement and an indirect questions are: • Indirect questions contain a interrogative word • Indirect statement use an infinitive as their verb, indirect questions use a subjunctive verb.

  18. Indirect questions • Tunchostesintellexerunt {quantaessetclades.} • intellexerunt = cognitive verb • quanta = interrogative word • esset = subjunctive verb Then the enemies understood how great the disaster was.

  19. Sequences of Tenses In an Indirect Question (pg. 80) • If the main verb is a Present or Future Tense: • The present subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause if the action in the subjunctive is happening at the same time as or after the main verb. • The perfect subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause if the action in the subjunctive happened before that of the main verb.

  20. Sequences of Tenses In an Indirect Question • If the main verb is Any Past Tense: • The imperfect subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause if the action in the subjunctive is happening at the same time as or after the main verb. • The pluperfect subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause if the action in the subjunctive happened before that of the main verb.

  21. Sequences of Tenses in An Indirect Statement Look at the chart on page 81.

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