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History of the Computer

History of the Computer. History of the Computer. Mechanical Devices Electro -Mechanical Devices First Generation Computers The Stored Program Concept. Mechanical Devices. Pascaline Stepped Reckoner Difference Engine Analytical Engine. Pascaline.

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History of the Computer

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  1. History of the Computer

  2. History of the Computer Mechanical Devices Electro-Mechanical Devices First Generation Computers The Stored Program Concept

  3. Mechanical Devices Pascaline Stepped Reckoner Difference Engine Analytical Engine

  4. Pascaline Invented in 1642 by Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician. Used a complicated set of gears. Could only perform addition and subtraction. The Pascaline never worked as it was designed to.

  5. Pascaline

  6. Mechanical Devices Pascaline Stepped Reckoner Difference Engine Analytical Engine

  7. Stepped Reckoner Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz in 1674 a German mathematician. Performed addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and calculated square roots(?). Frequently malfunctioned due to unreliable parts.

  8. Stepped Reckoner

  9. Mechanical Devices Pascaline Stepped Reckoner Difference Engine Analytical Engine

  10. Difference Engine Started by Charles Babbage in 1822. Intended to calculate numbers to 20 decimal places. Would have been used to calculate navigational tables. Never built, but led Babbage to develop the Analytical Engine.

  11. Difference Engine

  12. Mechanical Devices Pascaline Stepped Reckoner Difference Engine Analytical Engine

  13. Analytical Engine Designed around 1833. Used a set of instructions called a program. Included a memory unit. Was never built. Served as a model for modern computers(?).

  14. Analytical Engine, cont. AdaByron, Countess of Lovelace, helped sponsor and aid Babbage in his work. AdaBryon wrote a program for the Analytical Engine. Ada Byron said that she did not believe that the Engine could ever “originate anything.”

  15. History of the Computer Mechanical Devices Electro-Mechanical Devices First Generation Computers The Stored Program Concept

  16. History of the Computer:Electro-Mechanical Devices Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Mark I

  17. Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Developed for the U.S. Census in 1890. Used electrical circuits rather than gears. Punched holes in cards represented information.

  18. Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine, cont. When metal pins through holes made contact, the counter was incremented. The general count was completed in six weeks.

  19. Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine, cont.

  20. History of the Computer:Electro-Mechanical Devices Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Mark I

  21. Mark I Created by a team from IBM and Harvard University. The team was led by Howard Aiken. Data was input on punched cards. Used telephone relay switches to store data. Could not make decisions.

  22. Mark I, cont. Considered by many to be a calculator and not a computer. Over 51 ft long and weighed 5 tons. Comprised of over 750,000 parts making it unreliable. Used to make range tables for artillery during WWII.

  23. Mark I, cont.

  24. History of the Computer: First Generation Computers Mechanical Devices Electro-Mechanical Devices First Generation Computers The Stored Program Concept

  25. History of Computers:First Generation Computers Atanasoff-Berry Computer ENIAC Computer defined

  26. Atanasoff-Berry Computer First electronic computer. Built between 1939 and 1942 at Iowa State University by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. Used the binary (0s and 1s) number system.

  27. Atanasoff-Berry Computer

  28. History of Computers:First Generation Computers Atanasoff-Berry Computer ENIAC Computer defined

  29. ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. Like the Mark I, built to calculate range tables for artillery shells. Completed at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Used 17,000 vacuum tubes which required special fans for cooling.

  30. ENIAC

  31. History of Computers:First Generation Computers Atanasoff-Berry Computer ENIAC Computer defined

  32. Computer A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data, processes it according to instructions (program), and provides the results as new data. A computer can make simple decisions and comparisons.

  33. History of Computers: The Stored Program Computer Mechanical Devices Electro-Mechanical Devices First Generation Computers The Stored Program Computer

  34. The Stored Program Computer Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” Program CPU EDVAC & EDSAC Machine language UNIVAC

  35. Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine” Developed in the 1930s and 40s. Machine would change tasks by changing programs. The “Universal Machine” was a mathematical idea. Alan Turing was a British mathematician.

  36. History of the Computer:The Stored Program Computer Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” Program CPU EDVAC & EDSAC Machine language UNIVAC

  37. Program A program is a list of instructions written in a special language that the computer understands.

  38. History of the Computer:The Stored Program Computer Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” Program CPU EDVAC & EDSAC Machine language UNIVAC

  39. CPU John von Neumann introduced the idea of the stored program computer. Instructions would be stored in memory and executed in the CPU or Central Processing Unit. The CPU controlled the different functions of the computer electronically.

  40. History of the Computer:The Stored Program Computer Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” Program CPU EDVAC & EDSAC Machine language UNIVAC

  41. EDVAC & EDSAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator was built by Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neumann. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer was built by Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University in England.

  42. History of the Computer:The Stored Program Computer Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” Program CPU EDVAC & EDSAC Machine language UNIVAC

  43. Machine Language The language that the computer understands. This language can represent switches as a series of 0s and 1s (0 is off and 1 is on).

  44. History of the Computer:The Stored Program Computer Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” Program CPU EDVAC & EDSAC Machine language UNIVAC

  45. UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer Built by Eckert and Mauchly. Sold to the Census Bureau in 1951. All first generation computers used vacuum tubes which made them large and expensive to purchase and run.

  46. History of the Computer: Introducing the Computer Second Generation Computers High-Level Programming Languages Third Generation Computers Mainframes

  47. Second Generation Computers Transistor Model 650 Read, Write

  48. Transistor Invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brittain of Bell Laboratories. Made computers smaller and less expensive. Increased calculating speeds.

  49. Second Generation Computers Transistor Model 650 Read, Write

  50. Model 650 Introduced by IBM in the early 1960s. Purchased by government and business organizations. Popular in spite of its cost.

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