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Chapter Twenty-One The World at War

Explore the impact of World War I and World War II on culture, values, and art. Discover the sociopolitical consequences, cultural shifts, and artistic expressions that emerged during this turbulent time.

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Chapter Twenty-One The World at War

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  1. Chapter Twenty-OneThe World at War Culture and Values Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus, 8th Ed.

  2. World War I begins in 1914 • Panama Canal opens • Germans use poison gas and sink the Lusitania • The October Revolution brings communism to Russia in 1917 • United States enters World War I in 1917 • The war ends in 1918 • Women receive the right to vote in Britain in 1918 • Prohibition begins in the United States in 1919 • 1920 ce – 1929ce • Women receive the right to vote in the United States in 1920 • Fascists rise to power in Italy • Lindbergh makes the first solo flight from the United States to Europe in 1927 • Television images are transmitted from Washington, DC, to New York City in 1927 • Fleming discovers penicillin in 1928 • First sound movie is produced in 1928

  3. 1929 ce – 1939ce • The U.S. Stock market crashes in 1929 • The Great Depression begins • The analog computer is invented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1930 • Franklin Delano Roosevelt is first elected president in 1932 • Roosevelt declares, “We have nothing to fear but fear itself” • Prohibition ends in 1933 • Nazis rise to power in Germany in 1933 • The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) • Golden Gate Bridge opens in 1937 • Japan invades China in 1937 • 1939 ce – 1941ce • Hitler invades Poland in 1939 • Einstein alerts Roosevelt of the need to develop an atom bomb in 1939 • The Netherlands, Belgium, and France are all taken by German blitzkrieg in 1940 • Hitler invades Russia in 1941 • Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into the war on Dec. 7, 1941 • 1941 ce – 1945ceThe United States defeats Japanese fleet at Midway in 1942 • The Soviet Union defeats Germany at Stalingrad and Kursk in 1943 • The Allies land in Normandy on June 6, 1944 • Germany surrenders in 1945 • The United States drops atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 • World War II ends

  4. The Great War (World War I) • Drastic loss of life • Sociopolitical consequences • October Revolution • Hitler’s National Socialist movement • Cultural consequences • Transportation, communication • Entertainment

  5. Art Out of the Ashes • Max Beckman (1884-1980) • Humankind’s descent into cruelty and madness • Night (1918-1919) • Pablo Picasso • Expressed the “brutality and darkness” of the age

  6. Max Beckmann, 1918-19, The Night (Die Nacht), oil on canvas, 

  7. Max Beckman, Departure1932-33Oil on canvastriptych, center panel 84 3/4 X 45 3/8"; side panels each 84 3/4 X 39 1/4"

  8. Art as Protest: Guernica • Picasso’s protest against inhumanity • Hope in the face of horror • Inspired by destruction of war • Social, pivotal document • Expressionistic, Cubist • Technical experimentation

  9. 21.3 Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937

  10. The Lost Generation • Rupert Brooke (1887-1915) • Isaac Rosenberg (1890-1918) • Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) • Photography • Dorothea Lange

  11. 21.4 Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California, 1936

  12. Literature • Modernist temper • William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) • T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) • Necessity of cultural continuity • The Wasteland Four Quartets • James Joyce (1882-1941) • Cultural stability found through art • Epiphany, autobiography • Alienated artist • Stream of consciousness

  13. Literature • Franz Kafka (1883-1924) • “Kafkaesque” • Guilt, loss, oppression, violence • Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) • Writer, critic (Bloomsbury Group) • Social, economic, and intellectual discrimination against women

  14. Literature • Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) • Babbitt (1922) • “a chicken in every pot…” • Mindless materialism • Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) • Brave New World (1932) • Technology as tool for totalitarian control

  15. The Visual Arts • Abstract Art • 291 Gallery • Georgia O’Keeffe (1887-1986) • The Armory Show • Marcel Duchamp • Charles Demuth (1883-1935) • Destijl or Neoplasticism • Theo van Doesburg (1883-1931) • Constantine Brancusi

  16. 21.5 Georgia O’Keeffe, White Iris, 1924

  17. 21.6 Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, (No. 2), 1912

  18. Charles Demuth, My Egypt, 1927. Oil on composition board, 35 ¾″ × 30″ Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, New York.

  19. I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold, 1928Charles Demuth (American, 1883–1935)Oil on cardboard; 35 1/2 x 30 in.

  20. Theo von Doesburg, The Cow (composition), 1917Gouache, oil, and charcoal on paper

  21. Theo van Doesburg,Composition, 1929. Oil on canvas, 11 ⅞″ × 11 ⅞″ Philadelphia Museum of Art,

  22. Constantin Brancusi,  Bird in Space, 1924. Polished bronze, 56 ½″ high, including base  . 

  23. Dada • Protest against war • Nonsense language, dissonant music, anarchic irreverence • Marcel Duchamp • Mobiles, ready-mades • L.H.O.O.Q. (1919)

  24. 21.10 Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q., 1919

  25. Surrealism • Surrealism • Breton’s Manifesto of Surrealism (1924) • Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams (1899) • Id, ego, superego • Dreams and the unconscious mind • Psychoanalysis as philosophy • Human and cultural behaviors

  26. Surrealism • Salvadore Dali • The Persistence of Memory (1931) • Frida Kahlo • Diego in my Thoughts (1949) • Joan Miro (1893-1983)

  27. 21.14 Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory, 1931

  28. 21.15 Joan Miro, Painting, 1933

  29. 21.16 Frida Kahlo, Diego in My Thoughts (Diego y yo), 1949

  30. The Harlem Renaissance • African American writers, artists, intellectuals, musicians • Themes of African American experience • Roots, racism, culture, religion • W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963) • African American self-identity, cultural identity, racial identity • Aaron Douglas (1899-1979) • Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000)

  31. 21.17 Aaron Douglas, Noah’s Ark, ca. 1927

  32. 21.18 Jacob Lawrence, The Life of Harriet Tubman, No. 4, 1939-1940

  33. Figurative Art in the United States • Grant Wood (1891-1942) • Midwestern regionalism • American Gothic, (1930) • Edward Hopper (1882-1967) • Nighthawks (1942) • Unmistakable American city

  34. GrantWood,American Gothic, 1930. Oil on beaverboard, 30 ¾″ × 25 ¾″

  35. Edward Hopper, Nighthawks, 1942. Oil on canvas. 33 ⅛″ × 60″ 

  36. Film • Busby Berkeley • Salvadore Dali and Luis Brunel • Unchien Analou • The Wizard of Oz • Gone With the Wind • Propaganda as high art • Radio, film • Educate, persuade, shape public opinion

  37. Film • Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948) • Strike!(1924), Ivan the Terrible(1944, 1946) • Class struggle, the working class, socialism • Alexander Nevsky with Prokofiev (1938) • Potemkin and the October Revolution (1925)

  38. Film Leni Riefenstahl (1902-2003) • Triumph of the Will (1936) • Documentary of 1934 Nazi congress • Glorification of Nazi virtues • Olympia (1938) • Documentary of the 1936 Berlin Olympics • Homage to Hitler vs. beauty of sport

  39. Music in the Jazz Age • African-American experience, heritage • Intonations, rhyhms • “Blue note” / the Blues • Ragtime (Scott Joplin) • From New Orleans to Chicago • 12-bar blues • Call-and-Response, Scatting

  40. Music in the Jazz Age • Swing • Duke Ellington (1899-1974) • Orchestra virtuoso, prolific composer • Extended jazz idiom to larger arena • George Gershwin (1898-1937) • Jazz in symphonic, operatic works • Rhapsody in Blue (1924) • Porgy and Bess (1935)

  41. Ballet: Collaboration in Art • Artistic integration: setting, movement, music, narrative • Serge Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe (1909) • Vast musical commissions • Parade (1917): Diaghilev, Cocteau, Satie, Picasso

  42. Architecture • Walter Gropius (1883-1969) • The Bauhaus • Bauhaus style synonymous with “modern” • Frank Lloyd Wright • Naturalistic style

  43. Walter Gropius, technical wing, Bauhaus School, 1925–1927. Dessau, Germany.

  44. Frank Lloyd Wright, Kaufmann House Fallingwater1936. Bear Run, Pennsylvania.

  45. World War II • German blitzkrieg • Invasion of the Soviet Union • Holocaust • Pearl Harbor

  46. Margaret Bourke-White, The Living Dead at Buchenwald, April 1945, 1945. Photograph.http://life.time.com/history/buchenwald-photos-from-the-liberation-of-the-camp-april-1945/#19http://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/defining-genocide

  47. Alfred Eisenstaedt, The Kiss, August 14, 1945. Photograph.

  48. Chapter Twenty-One: Discussion Questions • What aspects of the “modernist temper” can be found in the works of the Harlem Renaissance writers and African American Jazz musicians? What are the personal and cultural expressions found behind these artistic forms? Explain, citing specific examples. • In light of the “modernist temper,” why were Freud’s theories so popular? In what sense does psychoanalytical theory abandon the explanation of human motivation that has been long held by Western Europeans? What does this shift in understanding signal about the 20th century? Explain. • Consider the ways in which film was used in the early 20th century as propaganda. In what ways does the cinematic medium continue to serve in this way? What types of cultural, social, and political values are asserted through popular film and other visual media of the 21st century? Explain. • To what extent do you agree or disagree with Huxley’s assertion that technology makes individuals dependent on totalitarian forces? Do you feel that our dependency on technology puts us at risk as a culture? …as a free people? Explain.

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