Basic Scientific and Technical Translation (II)

1. Basic Scientific andTechnical Translation (II) Scientific and Technical Translation Lecturer: Ivan Yeung

2. 0 數字的翻譯 • a hundred million • a thousand million (Br) • a billion (Am)(increasingly common) • a billion (Br) * (increasingly rare) • a trillion (Am) • a thousand billion (Br) • a quadrillion (Am) • ten thousand billion (Br) • ten quadrillion (Am) • a trillion (Br) • a quintillion (Am) • 大陸台灣、英美用法不同 • 一億 (108 ) • 十億 (109) • 兆 * (1012) • 千兆 * (1015) • 京 * (1016) • 百京 * (1018)

3. 0.1 數字的歧義 • billion • 109：十億 (American)，目前最常用 • 1012：萬億 (British) • 兆* • 106：百萬，大陸地區通用於單位前綴表示倍數 • megahertz (MHz) 兆赫 * • megapixel (MP / Mpx) 百萬像素 * (!) • 1012：萬億，台灣地區常用 • 1016：億億，廢用

4. 0.2 numbers

5. 0.3 SI prefixes

6. 0.3 SI prefixes

7. 1 數量增加的翻譯 • 1.1 “percentage, fraction” • Annual production of steel has gone up by more than 25%. • 鋼的年產量提高了百分之二十五以上。 • By 2005, the infected area had been expanded to one-third more than that of 2000. • 到了 2005 年，受感染面積較 2000 年時擴大了三分之一。 • 動筆！ • Production is now double what it was.

8. 1 數量增加的翻譯 • 1.2 “times” • A) three times the length of something. • 三倍於某物的長度。(OAL) • 例： • A female giant weta bearing eggs weighed 71g - this is three times the weight of an average house mouse. • 懷卵的雌性沙螽體重達 71 g，約為一般家鼠的三倍重。 • 動筆！ • The longest human bone is the femur or thigh bone which is 48 cms long. It is so strong that it can support 30 times the weight of a man!

9. 1 數量增加的翻譯 • 1.2 “times” • B) three times as long as something. • 某物的三倍長。(OAL) • 例： • 60 minutes is three times as long as 20 minutes and 40 pounds is four times as heavy as 10 pounds. • 20 分鐘的三倍是 60 分鐘，10 磅的四倍是 40 磅。 • Aluminum is three times as heavy as polyethylene. • 鋁重為聚乙烯重的三倍。 • 鋁比聚乙烯重二倍。(2.7 vs 0.92 – 0.94 g/cm3)

10. 1 數量增加的翻譯 • 1.2 “times” • 動筆！ • An atom of Carbon is twelve times as heavy as hydrogen while an atom of Aluminum is just over two times as heavy as carbon.

11. 1 數量增加的翻譯 • 1.2 “times” • C) three times longer than something. • 比某物長兩倍。(OAL) • 例： • The total length of China's railway network is two times longer than that of France. • 中國鐵路網比法國的長一倍。(32,682 vs 70,000 km ) • Krypton is three times heavier than air. • 氪氣比空氣重兩倍。(3.708 vs 1.25 kg/m3 ) • Silver is three times heavier than quartz.* (wrong use!!) • 銀比石英重三倍。(10.5 vs 2.65 g/cm3) *

12. 1 數量增加的翻譯 • 1.2 “times” • D) increased by three times. • increased threefold. • increased by a factor of three. • 增加了兩倍。 • 增至 (原來的) 三倍。 • The grain output has increased by three times. • 糧食產量增加了三倍。** • 糧食產量增加了兩倍。 • The number of monkeys has increased more than twofold. • 猴子數量增加了多於兩倍。** • 猴子數量增加了一倍多。

13. 1 數量增加的翻譯 • 1.2 “times” • 動筆！ • Malwares have increased by three times in 2008 • The West Nile Virus is spreading faster than federal health officials had expected, with the number of cases tripling to at least 164 since last week. • Nationwide, the CDC said at least 164 people in 16 states are infected, compared with 59 a week ago.

14. 1 數量增加的翻譯 • 1.2 “times” • Roundup exercise • 動筆！ • Food production since Independence has also increased over four times (from 50 million metric tonnes in 1951 to over 200 million metric tonnes in 2001), while population growth has been a little less than three times (from 36 crores in 1951 to 102 crores in 2001)

15. 2 數量減少的翻譯 • 2.1 “percentage, fraction” • The antibody level was reduced by 10 percent. • 抗體濃度降低了百分之十。 • The volume of an electric motor can be reduced by one third by using glass fiber for electric insulation. • 用玻璃纖維作電器絕緣材料，可使電動機的體積縮小三分之一。 • The loss of metal has been reduced to less than 20%. • 金屬損耗已降低至百分之二十以下。

16. 2 數量減少的翻譯 • 2.1 “percentage, fraction” • 動筆！ • The test results indicate that the olefin content of catalytically cracked gasoline can be significantly reduced to less than 20 v%, while sulfur content reduced by 15%-25%.

17. 2 數量減少的翻譯 • 2.2 “half” • This rope is half as long as that one. • 這條繩子只有那條的一半長。 • 這條繩子比那條短一半。 • 動筆！ • When the new Medical Library opens in three years, it will be half the old one’s size with 40 percent fewer books.

18. 2 數量減少的翻譯 • 2.3 “times” • The length of the laser tube was reduced ten times. • 雷射管的長度縮短了十分之九。 • 雷射管的長度縮短為十分之一。 • The length has been shortened four times. • 長度縮短了四分之三。 • 長度縮短至原來的四分之一。 • Microsporidia branches have been shortened three times (double black break) to increase readability. • 微孢子蟲分支縮短了三分之二 (雙黑斜間) 以增加可讀性。* • 微孢子蟲分支縮短了三分之二 (雙線分隔標記) 以利閱讀。

19. 2 數量減少的翻譯 • 2.4 “fold” • The principal advantage is a six-fold reduction in volume. • 主要優點是體積縮小了六分之五。 • 主要優點是體積縮小為六分之一。* • 主要優點是體積縮小至原來的六分之一。 • There is a three-fold fall in price. • 價格降低了三分之二。 • 價格降低至原來的三分之一。

20. 2 數量減少的翻譯 • 2.4 “fold” • 動筆！ • The team showed a six-fold reduction of the effective size of the Zea mays (maize or corn) genome while creating a four-fold increase in the gene identification rate when compared to standard whole-genome sequencing methods.

21. 2 數量減少的翻譯 • 2.5 表示數量不確定的譯法 • There are millions of stars like the sun in the universe. • 宇宙中有數以百萬計像太陽一樣的星球。* • 宇宙中有許許多多像太陽一樣的星球。* • The instruments of this variety will cost thousand odd dollars. • 這種儀器可值 1000 多元。

22. 3 被動句的翻譯 • 3.1 翻譯成中文被動句 • 被動態可以翻譯成「被」、「由」、「讓」、「給」、「受」、「遭」、「為」、「所」、「為……所」 • The compass was invented by Chinese long ago. • 很久以前，指南針被中國人發明。* • 很久以前，指南針早為中國人所發明。* • 很久以前，中國人發明了指南針。 • Besides voltage, resistance and capacitance, an alternating current is also influenced by inductance. • 除了電壓、電阻和電容之外，交流電還受電感的影響。

23. 3 被動句的翻譯 • 3.1 翻譯成中文被動句 (續) • The metal hardened when it was cooled in the air. • 這種金屬在空氣中冷卻時，就會硬化。 • Purified hydrogen is passed over a hot catalyst. • 讓純化氫氣通過熱催化劑。 • 動筆！ • The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century.

24. 3 被動句的翻譯 • 3.2 翻譯成中文主動句 • Other evaporation materials and processes will be discussed briefly. • 其他一些蒸發材料和蒸發程序將簡要地加以討論。 • Resistance is measured in ohms. • 電阻是以歐姆為單位被量度的。** • 電阻是以歐姆為單位(來)量度的。 • No work can be done without energy. • 沒有能量，就不能做工。

25. 3 被動句的翻譯 • 2.2 翻譯成中文主動句 (續) • A film of oil is inserted between the sliding surfaces of a bearing. • 承軸的滑動面之間上了一層油膜。 • It has been found that this machine is similar to the other one in design. • 人們已經發現，這台機器和那台機器在結構上是相似的。* • 人們發現，這台機器和那台機器結構相似。* • 這兩台機器結構相似。 • The field trip will be lead by Professor Li. • 李教授會帶這次野外考察。 • 這次野外考察由李教授帶領。

26. 3 被動句的翻譯 • 2.2 翻譯成中文主動句 (續) • 動筆！ • Measures have been taken to diminish friction. • Special instruments for measuring cosmic rays are installed in the satellite. • Much progress has been made in biological cloning technology in less than a decade.

27. 4 否定句的翻譯 • 4.1 全部否定 • Compare the following sentences • He is not an engineer. • 他不是工程師。 • He is no engineer. • 他根本不是工程師。

28. 4 否定句的翻譯 • 4.1 全部否定 (續) • Not all matter is visible. Air is not visible, but it is matter. * (部分否定，見 4.2) • 不是所有物質都是看得見的。空氣是看不見的，但空氣是物質。 • The proton carries a positive charge and the electron carries a negative charge, but the neutron carries neither. • 質子帶正電荷，電子帶負電荷，中子兩種電荷都不帶。

29. 4 否定句的翻譯 • 4.2 部分否定 • 動筆！ • All that glitters is not gold. • Both the instruments are not precision ones. • Every machine here is not produced by our factory.

30. 4 否定句的翻譯 • 4.3 雙重否定 • There is no grammatical rule that does not have exceptions. • 沒有一條語法規則沒有例外。 • 每條語法規則都有例外。 • Heat can never be converted into a certain energy without something lost. • 熱能每逢轉換成某種能量時，總是不能不損耗掉一些。** • 熱能轉換成其他能量時，總是有損耗。

31. 4 否定句的翻譯 • 4.4 意義上的否定 • In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line. • 沒有外力，物體不是保持靜止，就是一直沿著直線作勻速運動。 • This equation is far from being complicated. • 這個方程式一點也不複雜。 • Unless there is motion, there is no work. • 沒有運動，就沒有功。

32. 4 否定句的翻譯 • 3.4 意義上的否定 (續) • 動筆！ • Farad is too large a unit to be used in radio calculation.

33. 本節完 • 休息一會