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Southeast Asia in the New International Era. Introduction. Southeast Asia has been out of focus for many reasons including some cynicism related to the region linked to the Vietnam War
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Introduction • Southeast Asia has been out of focus for many reasons including some cynicism related to the region linked to the Vietnam War • Coverage of the region focuses on the superficial or exotic – sometimes great tragedies bring attention to the region but coverage of the region is eclipsed by coverage of the Middle East or China • This region is a highly dynamic region experiencing unprecedented socioeconomic change generating new modes of wealth and poverty • The book will cover the 11 states in the region focusing on basic political history, major institutions and social groups, democratization, economic development, the role of the state, and foreign policy
Influences and Experiences • Diverse Religious Penetration – first penetrated by Hinduism and Buddhism – Chinese influences went into Vietnam including Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism – Islam penetrates into Malaysia, Indonesia, and other parts of Southeast Asia – Christianity penetrates the Philippines, East Timor and other parts of Indonesia around the 15th century • Western Influence – demarcates states, and introduces nationalism, capitalism, republicanism, democracy, and communism • Imperialism Indonesia (Dutch), Indochina (French), Malaysia, Burma (British), Philippines (Spanish, American), East Timor (Portuguese) – Developed infrastructure including ports, roads, and railroads – exploited natural resources - anti-imperialist ideology –Japanese intervention - Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam), Sukarno (Indonesia), Aung San (Burma), Tungku Abdul Rahman (Malaysia) • Cold War – internal ideological struggles – superpower rivalry – interstate conflict – Vietnam War – Japanese economy becomes a model for the region – forces of democratization and forces of concerned about the threat posed by democratization to economic growth
Shared Social Patterns • Rural Villages have dominated social structure of region for most of history • Urbanization has occurred but patterns of client-patron relationships continue to shape social relations • Moral economies are established with these reciprocal relations • Prop up authoritarian forms of government
The New International Era • End of the Cold War and economic reforms • Increase in per capita income from 1977 – 1997 –Thailand ($300 - $2,970), Malaysia ($660 - $3,531), Indonesia ($150 - $692), Philippines ($310 - $1,049), Singapore ($2,260 - $24,664) • Asian Values Debate • East Asian Financial Crisis • September 11, 2001 – War on Terror – 2007 per capita income – Brunei ($51,005), Singapore ($29,663), Malaysia ($10,882), Thailand ($8,667), the Philippines ($5,137), Indonesia ($3,843), Vietnam ($3,071), Cambodia ($2,727), Timor-Leste ($2,506), Laos ($2,039), and Burma ($1,039)
