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The Digestive System

Explore the different organs and processes of the digestive system, from the mouth to the large intestine. Learn about the function of each organ and how they work together to break down food and absorb nutrients.

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The Digestive System

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  1. The Digestive System

  2. The Digestive System: Function • Preparation of food for absorption and use by the millions of body cells • Alimentary canal - tube through your body that performs the above function.

  3. The Mouth Structure • Lips: outer boundary • Cheeks: mucous membrane lateral boundary • Hard/soft palate - uvula extends from • Tongue

  4. Tongue • Places food during chewing • Papillae contain taste buds • Multiple blood vessels under tongue = high absorption of soluble drugs into circulation • Ex. Nitroglycerin pills for heart attack, • Vitamins

  5. Salivary Glands • Parotid = largest • Located in front of and below ear • Produces watery substance with enzymes • Submandibular • Located below mandibular angle • Produces enzymes and mucous • Sublingual = smallest • Under floor of mouth • Produces mucous type of saliva

  6. Salivary Glands: Function • Begins the break down of food through hydrolysis. • Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with aid of saliva.

  7. Teeth • Crown - exposed covered with enamel • Neck - surrounded by gums (gingiva) • Root - fits into socket

  8. Teeth Coverings • Enamel - Hardest substance in body • Dentin - tissues, nerves, blood vessels • Cementum - covers dentin

  9. Dentition • Deciduous Teeth • Baby teeth • Primary teeth • 20 total • 8 incisors • 4 cuspids • 8 molars

  10. Dentition • Permanent Teeth • Adult teeth • Secondary teeth • 32 Total • 3rd set of molars come in after age 17 (wisdom teeth)

  11. Other Organ Components • Pharynx • Receives bolus (rounded mass of food) • Carries bolus to esophagus • Esophagus • Collapsible tube that enters the stomach • Posterior to trachea and heart • Protected by a thick layer of mucus

  12. Esophagus Continued • Food (Bolus) moves through the esophagus and the rest of the alimentary canal by peristalsis - involuntary muscle contractions.

  13. Stomach • Located below diaphragm and liver • Enlarges after meals then collapses • Size of large sausage

  14. Stomach Divisions • Fundus - large portion at end of esophagus • Body - central portion • Pylorus - lower portion near small intestine

  15. Sphincter Muscles • Guard openings to stomach • Cardiac -esophagus to stomach • Pyloric - lower portion of stomach to small intestine. • Pylorospasm - muscle will not relax to allow passage of bolus = vomiting

  16. Stomach Function • Food storage • Secretion of gastric juices • Churning of food and breakdown into chyme - liquid food. • Absorption = water, alcohol, and drugs • Glands of stomach • Gastric - secret gastric juice • Mucus - contains enzymes and hydrochloric acid.

  17. Small Intestines • 20 feet long • Divisions • Duodenum = uppermost area, attaches to stomach. • Jejunum = middle area • Ileum = end portion, leads to large intestine. • All set in place by mesentery (membrane)

  18. Small Intestines Continued • This is where most digestion occurs. • Absorption of digestive products. • Inside surface of small intestines covered with tiny projections called villi. • 1mm projections • Increase surface area by 160x

  19. Large Intestines • 5-6 feet long • Divisions • Ascending colon - right side of abdomen • Transverse colon - horizontally across abdomen and under liver • Descending colon - left side of abdomen • Rectum - last 7-8 inches • Anus - contains many arteries and veins • Hemorrhoids - enlargement of veins in anal canal.

  20. Large Intestines Continued • Water/electrolyte absorption • Forms/stores feces

  21. Large Intestines Continued • Appendix • Located just behind cecum • No functional importance in digestion. • Appendicitis = inflammation of the appendix

  22. Accessory Organs • Liver structure • Largest gland in body • Under diaphragm • Able to regenerate • Liver function • Detoxifies many substances • Makes and secretes bile • Metabolizes proteins, fats, and carbs

  23. Accessory Organs • Gall bladder • Stores bile, increases its concentration • Bile breaks down fat. • During digestion, empties bile into small intestines

  24. Accessory Organs • Pancreas • Secretes digestive enzymes • Secretes insulin • Secretes glucagon

  25. 2 3 1 - Uvula 4 5 7 9 6 14 15 8 – Pyloric sphincter/Duodenum

  26. Transverse colon 10 - Ileum 11. Ascendingcolon 12. Descending colon 13. Appendix

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