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Learn about frame and masonry wall construction, steel framing, and general considerations for residential building. Understand materials, methods, and key components for quality construction.

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  1. PowerPointPresentation PublisherThe Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.Tinley Park, Illinois 1

  2. Chapter 14 Wall and Ceiling Construction 2

  3. Chapter 14 Overview • Introduction • Frame Wall Construction • Steel Framing • General Framing Considerations • Masonry Wall Construction • Brick Names and Sizes • Traditional Three-Coat Stucco 3

  4. Learning Objectives • List the members of a typical frame wall. • Explain methods of frame wall construction. • Explain information shown on a ceiling joist span data chart. • Sketch the various types of exterior walls used in residential construction. (continued) 4

  5. Learning Objectives • Explain the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of steel framing in residential construction. • Identify the basic processes used to produce a quality, three-coat stucco finish. 5

  6. Introduction • Residential wall construction is generally one of three types: • Frame construction. • Masonry construction. • Combination frame and masonry. • Wall panels may be constructed on site or prefabricated at another location. 6

  7. Frame Wall Construction • Frame wall construction involves the proper arrangement of wall framing members. • Typical framing members include: • Sole plate, top plates, studs, and bracing. • Plates and studs are usually 2" x 4" lumber. • Headers or lintels are typically larger stock. • Bracing may be 1" x 4" stock, metal strap, or plywood sheathing. 7

  8. Frame Wall Construction • Computer-generated framing representation. 8 (ART, Inc.)

  9. Frame Wall Construction • Typical framed corner. 9

  10. Frame Wall Construction • Framing lumber must: • Have good stiffness and nail-holding properties. • Be free from warp and easy to work. • Species that meet these criteria include: • Douglas fir, southern yellow pine, hemlock, spruce, and larch. • Lumber grade commonly used is No. 2. • Moisture content should be 15% to 19%. 10

  11. Frame Wall Construction • A wall is usually constructed on the subfloor since it provides a large, flat work surface. • An entire wall panel may be built as a unit or may be built in sections. • Exterior frame walls may be flush with the outside of the foundation wall or moved 1/2" to 3/4" inside for sheathing. 11

  12. Exterior Wall Placement 12

  13. Specialized CADD Software • Specialized CADD software is available to aid in the design of frame walls. • Automatic framing plans and material lists are possible with some software packages. • However, a thorough understanding of frame wall construction is necessary. 13

  14. Bottom Plates • Construction of a frame wall begins with the sole plate. • Stud spacing is marked off on the sole plate. • Sole plate acts as an anchor for the wall panels. 14

  15. Wall Studs • Wall studs are cut to length and nailed to the sole plate. • Usual length of the studs is 7'-0". • A plate is nailed to the top of the studs. • A second plate is added after the wall is in place. • Distance from the top of the subfloor to the bottom of the ceiling joists is usually 8'-1 1/2", providing an 8' wall height. 15

  16. Headers Over Openings • Openings for doors and windows are framed as the studs are put into place. • Each wall opening requires a header to support the weight above the opening in a frame wall. • Headers are made with solidblocking or cripple construction. 16

  17. Solid Blocking • In solid blocking, the header size is increased to completely fill the space from the top of the rough opening to the top plate. 17

  18. Solid Blocking Headers • Solid blocking headers are made from two 2" x 12" pieces of dimensional lumber with 1/2" plywood between them to form a 3-1/2" thick header. • Trimmers are placed inside the opening to support the header. • Construction time is reduced, but shrinkage is increased. 18

  19. Cripple Construction for Headers • Headers with cripple construction uses cripple studs to fill the space between the header and top plate. • Cripple studs are short studs. • Trimmers are placed inside the opening to support the header. 19

  20. Cripple Construction for Headers 20

  21. Headers • Header size will vary with the span and load requirements. • The length of a header is equal to the width of the rough opening plus the thickness of two trimmers. • Trussed headers are required for openings wider than 8'-0" or where heavy loads are expected. 21

  22. Headers ` • The rough opening for a window is the area between the trimmers and the rough sill and header. 22

  23. Header Sizes and Spans 23

  24. Trussed Headers • Trussed headers increase the supporting strength and possible span. 24

  25. Rough Openings in Frame Walls • Rough openings for windows and doors are dimensioned to the center of the opening in a frame wall. • Specific dimensions are provided by the window and door schedule. • Width is listed first and the height second. • Rough opening height is usually 6'-10". 25

  26. Exterior Corners and Bracing • There are several methods of framing exterior corner walls • The corner must provide a nailing edge for interior wall material • The corner must provide adequate support for the structure (continued) 26

  27. Exterior Corners and Bracing • Corner framing. 27

  28. Exterior Corners and Bracing • Corner bracing is required by most codes. • Two methods of bracing are commonly used: • Diagonal corner bracing using 1" x 4" lumber or metal straps. • Corner bracing using a sheet of 1/2" plywood or similar panel. 28

  29. Exterior Corners and Bracing • Corner bracing. 29

  30. Interior Framed Walls • Interior framed walls are constructed in the same way as exterior walls. • They have sole plates, studs, and double top plates. • Interior walls are securely fastened to the walls they intersect. • A nailing edge must be provided for drywall, paneling, etc. 30

  31. Interior Framed Walls • Framing intersecting walls. 31

  32. Steel Framing • Steel framing is gaining in popularity for several reasons. • Quality wood is scarce and expensive. • Steel framing has performed well in commercial construction. • Steel framing is made from a recyclable material. • Price of steel has been relatively stable. 32

  33. Steel Framing • Steel framing is used on this large structure. 33

  34. Steel Framing • Advantages for the builder include: • Generally fewer framing members required. • Steel will not rot, shrink, swell, split, or burn. • Steel is consistent in quality and pricing. • Standard precut shapes are available. • Lengths up to 40' are possible. • Steel members weigh less than wood. • Framing members have prepunched holes for piping and electrical wiring. • Accommodates typical finishing materials. 34

  35. Steel Framing • Advantages for the homeowner include: • Does not require treatment for termites. • Free of chemicals needed to treat wood. • Provides increased design flexibility. • Resists fire, earthquake, and hurricanes. • Lower insurance premium. • Remodeling is easier because nonbearing walls can be easily removed, altered, and relocated. 35

  36. Steel Framing • Environmental benefits include: • All steel products are recyclable without degradation or loss of properties. • The steel industry is the single largest recycler in North America. • Steel is the easiest and most economical material to remove from the solid waste stream. • The amount of energy required to produce a ton of steel is continually being reduced. 36

  37. Steel Framing • Disadvantages include: • Lack of familiarity with the product. • Education about steel framing systems’ methods and capabilities is needed. • Engineering analysis is required. • Thermal performance of steel frame structures remains unanswered. • Steel framing members are flimsy and hard to work with and eye protection is absolutely required. 37

  38. Steel Framing Components • The structural C or C-section is the most used shape for framing. • Standard dimensions are nearly identical to those of dimensional lumber. • Flange widths are generally 1-1/2" and webs range from 2" to 12". • Thickness ranges from 12 to 22 gauge . • Load-bearing applications use 16 to 20 gauge steel C-sections. 38

  39. Steel Framing Components • Light gauge steel framing. 39

  40. Steel Framing Components • The C-section is available unpunched or prepunched in lengths from 8' to 16'. • Track or channel members are used for rim joists, top and bottom plates, and blocking. • Track is available in lengths up to 10'. • Hot-rolled channel is used for furring. • All members are fastened with screws. 40

  41. Steel Framing Application • Base of wall at slab on grade. 41

  42. Steel Wall and Roof Systems • Construction elements of a framed house include three main assemblies: • Floors, walls, and roofs. • Two types of steel studs are used for walls: • Structural C for load-bearing walls. • Drywall studs for nonbearing partitions. 42

  43. Steel Wall and Roof Systems • C studs range in size from 2-1/2" to 8" and thickness from .034" to .071". • Drywall studs range from 1-5/8" to 6" and thickness from .018" to .034". • The broad range of steel framing members available allows this system to be used in virtually any roof system. 43

  44. Steel Wall and Roof Systems • Steel framed roof section. 44

  45. Ceiling Construction • Ceiling joists may be put in place after exterior and interior walls are finished. • Joists are generally positioned in the same direction as the rafters. • Ceiling joist size will depend on load, span, wood species, joist spacing, etc. • Check your local code. 45

  46. Ceiling Construction • See Figure 14-16 in the text for more span data. 46

  47. Ceiling Construction • Basic construction of the ceiling is similar to floor construction, except: • A header is not required around the perimeter. • Smaller size lumber is used. • Long spans may require support from a bearing wall partition or beam. 47

  48. Ceiling Construction • Two methods of supporting ceiling joists with a built-up beam. 48

  49. Ceiling Construction • The upper corner of a ceiling joist often interferes with the roof slope. • The corner is usually cut to match the slope. 49

  50. General Framing Considerations • An access hole must be provided in the ceiling to allow entry into the attic. • Framing around ceiling openings is the same as for openings in the floor. • Double headers are used for large holes. • Special framing is required for openings for heating ducts, wall backing for various fixtures, and extra support for the bathtub. 50

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