2 nd 9 weeks Study Guide

1. 2nd 9 weeks Study Guide Dec. 15

2. 1. • What happens during respiration? • To release energy from glucose

3. 2. • What happens in the mitochondria during respiration? • Energy is released

4. 3. • Define fermentation. • Energy being released without oxygen.

5. 4. • Why is water important for a cell? • Most chemical reactions in cells require water.

6. 5. • Define diffusion. • Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

7. 6. • Define osmosis. • Diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.

8. 7. • What is passive transport? • Movement of materials through a cell without using energy.

9. 8. • What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells? • Cell membrane pinches into 2 new daughter cells.

10. 9. • What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells? • A cell plate is formed in the middle of each cell.

11. 10. • What forms around the chromatids during mitosis? • 2 new nuclei

12. 11. • Draw metaphase

13. 12. • Write the correct order of the cell cycle beginning with interphase. You will need to know what each phase looks like. Highlight your diagrams. • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

14. 13. • What does Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment state? • Alleles are inherited by chance or random.

15. 14. • What does Mendel’s Law of Dominance state? • If a dominant allele is present then it will cover up or mask the recessive.

16. 15. • What is each rung of the DNA ladder made of? • Pairs of nitrogen bases

17. 16. • What are genes? • Factors that control traits.

18. 17. • Calculate the probability as a ratio of offspring of 2 hybrid parents. Dominate: 3 in 4 Recessive: 1 in 4

19. 18. • Know how to calculate probability as percent of offspring of 2 homozygous animals. Dominant: 100%

20. 19. • What is the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance? • Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.

21. 20. • What happens during meiosis? • Chromosome pairs separate and are distributed into new sex cells.

22. 21. • When sex cells combine, each one contributes how many? • ½ the number of chromosomes in body cells.

23. 22. • How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? • 46 or 23 pairs

24. 23. • How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell? • 23

25. 24. • Where does protein synthesis take place? • On ribosomes in the cytoplasm

26. 25. • Amino Acids in protein synthesis

27. 26. • What determines the order of amino acids being formed? • The order of bases along a gene.

28. 27. • What does messenger RNA do? • Copies coded message from DNA and carries it into cytoplasm.

29. 28. • What does transfer RNA do? • Carries amino acids and adds them to the growing protein.

30. 29. • In protein synthesis, what does A-G-U-C-G pair with? • U-C-A-G-C

31. 30. • Define alleles. • Different forms of genes.

32. 31. • 2 identical alleles are • homozygous

33. 32. • 2 different alleles are • Heterozygous.

34. 33. • Many genes joined together form • Chromosomes.

35. 34. • Why does height in humans have a variety of phenotypes? • Height is controlled by at least 4 genes.

36. 35. • Which traits can be altered by the environment? • Height, weight

37. 36. • What factors can affect a person’s height? • Both genes and environmental factors.

38. 37. • Why do genetic engineers need to know how to sequence DNA bases? • To produce proteins.

39. 38. • How is it possible for adults with Down Syndrome to find work? • They receive education and job training.

40. 39. • Draw a pedigree showing individuals with children. Parents

41. 40. • How would you know if a trait in a pedigree is sex linked? • Males would not be shown as carriers.