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Green Chemistry Solutions for Industrialization

Green Chemistry Solutions for Industrialization. Reduction of Air Pollution and Acid Rain. Coal fired plants produce about 40% of the world’s electricity supply. These plants also produce air pollutants including SO 2 , NO, NO 2 , particulate bound Hg, particulate matter.

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Green Chemistry Solutions for Industrialization

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  1. Green Chemistry Solutions for Industrialization

  2. Reduction of Air Pollution and Acid Rain • Coal fired plants produce about 40% of the world’s electricity supply. • These plants also produce air pollutants including SO2, NO, NO2, particulate bound Hg, particulate matter. • Air pollution controls are designed into new plants or retrofitted to existing ones.

  3. Removal of SO2 and Hg • Scrubbers installed after the combustion process capture • SO2by FGD: flue gas desulfurization via rxn with CaCO3 or CaO to make CaSO4·2H2O = gypsum; ε up to 99% http://www.graymont-ut.com/applications_flue_gas.shtml • Hg by PM removal via FGD, SCR (selective catalytic reduction), ESP (electrostatic precipitators); ε up to 98% http://www.epa.gov/mercury/control_emissions/tech_exist.htm

  4. Removal of NOx and Particulates • NOx by SCR: selective catalytic reduction via catalytic conversion to N2 and water using NH3; ε up to 95% http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction#Power_plants • Particulates by ESP: electrostatic precipitators and FF: fabric filters; ε up to 99.5% • Summary and cost issues http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/publishor/system/component_view.asp?LogDocId=81457

  5. Reduce Global Warming by Reducing CO2 • Considerable research is directed at capturing and sequestering and/or converting carbon dioxide to reduce its presence in the atmosphere. • Pump CO2 into spent oil or natural gas wells • Store CO2 as in ice in ocean depths • Absorb CO2 from power plant flues (membranes) • Convert CO2 to fuels, other non-greenhouse gas chemicals (C, CO, HCOOH, carbonates). http://economy.mse.uiuc.edu/CO2.htm

  6. US power plants produce 2.5E12 ton CO2/yr; capture costs $60/ton today but the goal is $30/ton • What consumers can do: http://www.carbonify.com/articles/carbon-dioxide-reduction-tips.htm

  7. Non-Fossil Fuel Energy Sources • Vegetable oil  biodiesel • Corn  ethanol • Add switchgrass to coal (US has 27% world coal; Saudi Arabia has 20% world oil) • Artificial photosynthesis to make H2 from water and sunlight H2O + light  H2 + ½ O2 • Enhance solar cell with dye to increase eff. • Wind Solar Nuclear Hydroelec

  8. Water • Safe clean drinking water is essential to life. • Protect and conserve existing fresh water sources • Create more efficient ways to clean polluted water and to desalinate sea water. • 71% of earth is covered by water • 97% of earth’s water = salty • 2% is frozen in ice caps and glaciers • 1% is fresh water that must be purified for use

  9. Ways to Reduce Water Pollution • Public education: expired or unused prescriptions, OTC meds, household cleaning products, cosmetics, paints, ...are collected by WLSSD • Replace Hg thermometers • Public and personal conservation and recycling: note that 150 gal of water are needed to make one loaf of bread; 1,800 gal for one pair of jeans; 39,000 gal for one car.

  10. Ways to Reduce Water Pollution • Govt regulations against and continuous monitoring to prevent dumping industrial waste into bodies of water and on land (ground water) • Municipal water treatment plants (developed nations) • PUR packs = NaClO-disinfectant + FeSO4-removes dirt, heavy metals, pesticides (developing nations)

  11. Green Chemistry: The Next Industrial Revolution? • HAMLEY, P. and POLAIKOFF, M., 2001. Green Chemistry: The Next Industrial Revolution?. The Chemical Engineer, 721, 24-27. • Green Chemistry: Development and discovery of innovative strategies and methods to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical industry (production and processes). • Sustainable, benign and non-polluting.

  12. Twelve Principles of Green ChemistryEPA • Prevent waste • Design safer chemicals • Design less hazardous chemical syntheses • Use renewable feedstocks • Use catalysts • Avoid chemical derivatives • Maximize atom economy

  13. Twelve Principles • Use safer solvents • Increase energy efficiency • Design chemicals and products to degrade after use • Analyze in real time to prevent pollution • Minimize potential for accidents http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/principles.html

  14. Application of the 12 Principles to a Chemical Reaction (handout)

  15. Examples of 12 Principles • Green Bleaching (2, 4, 5) • http://portal.acs.org/portal/fileFetch/C/CTP_005623/pdf/CTP_005623.pdf • Biodiesel-derived glycerol (4) http://profmaster-news.blogspot.com/2008/09/now-acrolein-is-green-chemical.html

  16. More Examples of 12 Principles • Pharma (8) http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2008/July/09070801.asp • Microreactor Technology

  17. http://www.stanford.edu/group/swain/cgi-bin/blog/2008/11/06/acs-global-challengeschemistry-solutions/http://www.stanford.edu/group/swain/cgi-bin/blog/2008/11/06/acs-global-challengeschemistry-solutions/

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