ANALYTICAL X-RAY SAFETY User Training

1. Centre for Environmental Health, Safety and Security Management ANALYTICAL X-RAY SAFETYUser Training

2. Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training TRAINING OUTLINE • History • Sources/uses of X-rays • Legislation • Biological & Health Effects • X-ray safety in the lab • Exposure • SOPS • Security • Emergencies • Summary • References • Quiz RYERSON UNIVERSITY

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4. Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Source and Uses - Outline • How are X-rays produced • Atomic properties and interaction with matter • Description of a X-ray machine • Types of Laboratory X-rays machines RYERSON UNIVERSITY

5. Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Source and UsesWhat Are X-rays? • X-rays are part of electromagnetic spectrum (energy range of 10eV – 120KeV) • type of ionizing radiation (made of photons) originating from the electron shell • produced by machines RYERSON UNIVERSITY

6. X-Ray Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Source and UsesX-ray Production - Bremsstrahlung Example of electromagnetic radiation which comes from electrons which are deflected from their original paths or inner orbital electrons change their orbital levels around nucleus Electron (-) Target Nucleus Tungsten RYERSON UNIVERSITY

7. Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Source and UsesHow Are X-rays Produced? • Produced whenever a high voltage, a vacuum and a source of electrons present • Most x-ray devices emit electrons from a cathode, accelerate them with a voltage and hit the anode (target) • Emits x-rays RYERSON UNIVERSITY

8. X-Rays Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Source and UsesX-ray Machine Anode (+) Cathode (-) RYERSON UNIVERSITY

9. Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Source and Uses Consists of a x-ray tube, an electrical source of high voltage, tube filament current, and radiation shielding to shape the beam • Principle Types of Diagnostic X-rays: Radiographic, Fluoroscopic, and Photo-Fluorographic • Industrial X-rays - Nondestructive examination of metal parts • Therapeutic X-rays - Superficial x-ray for skin cancer, orthovoltage x-ray generators for deeper lying tumors RYERSON UNIVERSITY

10. Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Source and Uses X-ray machine • electrically powered device with a PRIMARY purpose of producing X-rays • analyzes structures or materials X-ray source • any part of a device that emits x-rays, whether or not the device is an x-ray machine e.g. electron microscope RYERSON UNIVERSITY

11. Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Source and Uses X-ray Diffraction (XRD) • commonly used in chemical analysis • studies arrangements of atoms in solids by studying scattered x-ray beam from atomic arrangement X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) • observes fluorescent emissions of x-ray and UV as atoms hit by x-rays • structure of material examines atomic absorption RYERSON UNIVERSITY

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