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REPHRASING the first term

REPHRASING the first term. Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Continuous and Perfect Going to Contrast Clauses Cause and consequence Adjectives and adverbs: comparatives, superlatives, too/enough Passive voice Have something done. Present Perfect.

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REPHRASING the first term

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  1. REPHRASING the first term Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Continuous and Perfect Going to Contrast Clauses Cause and consequence Adjectives and adverbs: comparatives, superlatives, too/enough Passive voice Have something done

  2. Present Perfect • The last time I went to Brazil was ten years ago. • I … HAVEN’T BEEN TO BRAZIL FOR TEN YEARS. • I … HAVEN’T BEEN TO BRAZIL SINCE 2001. • He hasn’t smoked since 2005. • THE LAST TIME… HE SMOKED WAS IN 2005.

  3. Past Perfect • The president got elected. Then, she took some decisions. • AFTER… THE PRESIDENT HAD GOT ELECTED, SHE TOOK SOME DECISIONS. • BEFORE… SHE TOOK SOME DECISIONS, THE PRESIDENT HAD GOT ELECTED.

  4. FUTURE CONTINUOUS AND PERFECT • The football match starts at 20:45 and finishes at 22:30. • AT 21:00, … THE PLAYERS WILL BE PLAYING A FOOTBALL MATCH. • BY 23:00, … THE MATCH WILL HAVE FINISHED. • BY 23:00, … AJAX WILL HAVE BEATEN THE SUGAR OUT OF REAL MADRID.

  5. GOING TO • She has the intention of leaving her husband soon. • SHE IS… GOING TO LEAVE HER HUSBAND SOON.

  6. CONTRAST CLAUSES • We alternate “connector + noun” and “connector + phrase” and connector at the beginning of the sentence structures. • Although it rained, we decided to go camping. • Despite… the fact it rained, we decided to go camping. • Despite… the rain, we decided to go camping. • In spite of the fact he knew all the answers, he failed the exam. • Although… he knew all the answers, he failed the exam. • Las Vegas is in the middle of the desert. However, millions of people go there every year. • Although… Las Vegas is in the middle of the desert, millions of people go there every year. • Despite… the fact that Las Vegas is in the middle of the desert, millions of people go there every year.

  7. CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE • Three possibilities: Cause to Consequence, Consequence to Cause or Cause to Cause. • CAUSE TO CAUSE: • I didn’t understand the lesson because the teacher spoke too fast. • Due to… the fact that the teacher spoke too fast, I didn’t understand the lesson. • As… the teacher spoke too fast, I didn’t understand the lesson. • CONSEQUENCE TO CAUSE: • The teacher spoke too fast. Therefore, I didn’t understand the lesson. • Due to… the fact that the teacher spoke too fast, I didn’t understand the lesson. • I didn’t… understand the lesson because the teacher spoke too fast. • CAUSE TO CONSEQUENCE: • I didn’t understand the lesson because the teacher spoke too fast. • The teacher… spoke too fast. Therefore, I didn’t the understand the lesson. • The teacher spoke so… fast that I didn’t understand the lesson.

  8. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: comparisons • The soya grows faster than other plants. Equality : Other plants… don’t grow as fast as the soya. Inferiority: Other plants… grow less fast than the soya. Opposite : Other plants… grow more slowly than the soya. • I speak English better than you do. You don’t… speak English as well as I do. You… speak English worse than I do. • Nobody plays better than Iniesta. Superlative:Iniesta… is the best player (in the world). • No woman is more beautiful than Scarlett Johanson. Scarlett Johanson… is the most beautiful woman.

  9. ADJECTIVES: too + adjective and adjective + enough • He’s too lazy to go to university • He isn’t… hard-working enough to go to university • This hotel is too expensive for me. • This hotel isn’t… cheap enough for me.

  10. Passive voice 1(to be + participle) • The object becomes subject the and vice-versa. • The verb “to be” must be in the same tense and form as the main verb in the active voice. • The main verb must always be in the past participle. • I drove a car: A car… • He cleans the room: The room… • He’s taking a picture: A picture... • We have just bought a new house: A new house... • My students must revise the lesson: The lesson.... • They should have known all the answers: All the answers….

  11. Passive voice 1 (to be + participle) • The object becomes subject the and vice-versa. • The verb “to be” must be in the same tense and form as the main verb in the active voice. • The main verb must always be in the past participle. • I drove a car: A car was driven • He cleans the room: The room is cleaned • He’s taking a picture: A picture is being taken. • We have just bought a new house: A new house has just been bought. • My students must revise the lesson: The lesson must be revised. • They should have known all the answers: All the answers should have been known. • When we think the passive object can be important we introduce it with “by”: • The beach was cleaned by the voluteers. • It’s not generally used when the active subject is “they, people…”

  12. Passive voice 2: double object. • Sometimes, when the active verb has two objects, either one of them can the passive subject. It’s the case with verbs like “tell, show, lend, give, send…”. • He told me a story: • A story was told to me • I was told a story. • They gave him some money: • Some money... • He...

  13. Passive voice 2: double object. • Sometimes, when the active verb has two objects, either one of them can the passive subject. It’s the case with verbs like “tell, show, lend, give, send…”. • He told me a story: • A story was told to me • I was told a story. • They gave him some money: • Some money was given to him. • He was given some money.

  14. Passive voice 3: impersonal • With verbs like “think, know, say, believe…” two further transformations are possible. • People believe that the Internet is essential. • It is believed that the Internet is essential. • It ‘s + 1st verb in participle + rest of the sentence. • The Internet is believed to be essential. • Object of the original sentence + 1st verb in the passive (to be + participle) + 2nd verb in the infinitive. • People think that bankers stole a lot of money. • Bankers are thought to have stolen a lot of money. • When the second verb is in the past, we must use the perfect infivitive ( to have + participle)

  15. Passivevoice4: thecausativeor “havesomething done” (HAVE + OBJECT + PARTICIPLE) • It’s used when other people do something for us. • The hairdresser will cut my hair. • I will have my hair cut. • The plumber repaired my bathroom yesterday. • I had my bathroom repaired yesterday. • SUBJECT (person who receives the benefit of the action) + HAVE (in the appropriate tense) + OBJECT (the same as in the active voice) + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE MAIN VERB. • The verb “to have” can be substituted by “to get”. • We will get our exams corrected.

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