THE PACIFIC THEATRE

1. THE PACIFIC THEATRE ORIGINS & THE EARLY YEARS, 1931-1941

2. TIMELINE • 1922: Washington Naval Treaty • 1931: The Manchurian Incident • 1937: Japan Invades China • 1939: Battle of Khalkin-Gol ; Soviets defeat Japanese • July,1940: Hideki Tojo becomes Minister of War • Sept., 1940: Tripartite Pact signed • April,1941: Japan-Soviet Neutrality Treaty signed • December 7, 1941: Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

4. JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS • ANTI-WESTERN FEELINGS: • JAPAN’S MISTRUST OF WESTERN/EUROPEAN ACTIONS • ROOTED IN 16TH/17TH CENTURY COLONIZATION OF ASIA • WHY? FEARFUL OF EFFECT ON JAPAN’s SOCIAL STRUCTURE • EXAMPLE: THE SAMURAI (WARRIOR) CLASS FEARED LOSING POWER IF EUROPEAN DEMOCRATIC IDEAS INTRODUCED • JAPAN’s REACTION: ADOPT WESTERN TECHNOLOGY, BUT KEEP IT CONTROLLED BY JAPANESE • EXAMPLE: FIREARMS & NAVAL TECHNOLOGY WOULD BE CONTOLLED / DIRECTED BY THE SAMURAI • RESULT? • LATE 1800’s = JAPAN HAS DEVELOPED WESTERN-STYLE ARMY & NAVY • 1904-05: JAPAN WINS RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR • 1914-18: WWI = JAPAN FIGHTS FOR ALLIES • BUT…JAPAN VERSAILLES TREATY FORCES JAPAN TO GIVE UP TERRITORY WON IN RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR • 1922: WASHINGTON NAVAL TREATY • JAPAN IS DESIGNATED A “SECOND-LEVEL” MILITARY POWER • JAPAN HAS # OF BATTLESHIPS LIMITED TO 3/5 of WWI ALLIES • WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON JAPANESE MENTALITY? • JAPAN IS INSULTED, SUFFERS LOSS OF “FACE” (define) • JAPAN WANTS TO ERADICATE INSULTS / LIMITATIONS

6. JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS (cont’d.) • 1920’s / 1930’s: PROBLEMS IN JAPAN • JAPAN CANNOT FEED ITSELF • JAPAN DOESN’T HAVE ENOUGH RAW MATERIALS • EXAMPLE: • METALS • RUBBER • OIL • JAPAN’s ARMY IS EXTREMELY NATIONALISTIC, RACIST, & AGGRESSIVE • SOLUTION? • TERRITORIAL EXPANSION • RESOURCES SHIPPED BACK TO JAPAN FOR PRODUCTION • EXPAND WHERE? • 2 POSSIBILITIES: “NORTH” or “SOUTH” PLAN • #1: CHINA (especially Manchuria) • #2: S.E. ASIA (Indochina, Indonesia)

7. JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS (cont’d.) • 1930’s: EXPANSION INTO CHINA BEGINS • 1931: THE MANCHURIAN INCIDENT • RESULT? • JAPAN NOW HAS FOOTHOLD IN MANCHURIA / CHINA • JAPAN’s ARMY IS GROWING MORE POWERFUL • NO INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE • DOES THIS SOUND FAMILIAR? • 1937: JAPAN MOVES INTO CHINA PROPER • RESULT? FULL-SCALE INVASION HAS BEGUN • JAPANESE INVASION IS BRUTAL & HIGHLY RACIST • EXAMPLE? • DEC., 1937 RAPE OF NANKING • 1939: BATTLE OF KHALKIN-GOL(MONGOLIA) • SOVIETS DEFEAT JAPANESE • JAPANESE ABANDON “NORTH” PLAN • WHY? • SEPT., 1940: TRIPARTITE PACT SIGNED • RESULT? • JAPAN, GERMANY, ITALY ARE ALLIES • JAPAN ANNOUNCES “GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE”

8. JAPANESE TROOPS MOVING TOWARDS NANKING, 1937

9. JAPANESE TROOPSHOLDING BAYONETPRACTICE ON CHINESEPRISONERS,NANKING, CHINA, 1937

10. JAPANESEBAYONETPRACTICE,CHINA, 1937

11. CHINESE PRISONERS BEINGBURIED ALIVE BYJAPANESE TROOPS,NANKING, CHINA,1937

12. CHINESE PRISONERS BEING BEHEADEDBY JAPANESENANKING, CHINA, 1937

13. JAPANESE OFFICER WITH EXECUTION VICTIMS , NANKING, CHINA, 1937

14. JAPANESE NEWSPAPERARTICLE REPORTING UPDATE ON NANJINGKILLING “CONTEST”1937

17. JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS (cont’d.) • GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE: • ANOTHER NAME FOR A JAPANESE-DOMINATED ASIA • TOJO WAS PRIMARY SUPPORTER OF IDEA • ASIAN WOULD BE FREE OF WESTERN DOMINATION • JAPAN WOULD BE LEAD POWER • PROBLEM: • WESTERN NATIONS HAD TO BE MOVED OUT OF ASIA • CHINA WAS CLOSELY ALLIED TO U.S. & BRITS. • AUSTRALIA WAS/IS BASICALLY A WESTERN NATION • EXPANSION WOULD LEAD DIRECTLY TO WAR W/ WESTERN NATIONS • SOLUTION? • DEMAND, AND RECEIVE, WESTERN AGREEMENTS TO MOVE OUT OF ASIA, • OR… • ATTACK & TAKE OUT U.S., BRITISH, FRENCH MILITARY FORCES IN ASIA QUICKLY

20. PREPARING FOR WAR • 1941: • U.S. BEGINS EMBARGO ON JAPAN: OIL, METAL SHIPMENTS TO JAPAN ARE TERMINATED • WHY? U.S. PROTESTS JAPANESE WAR IN CHINA • U.S. BEGINS SECRETLY SENDING SUPPLIES TO CHINESE • TOJO BECOMES JAPANESE PRIME MINISTER • JULY, ‘41: • FRENCH ALLOW JAPANESE TO ENTER INDOCHINA • U.S. TIGHTENS EMBARGO ON JAPAN • JAPAN’s TRADE CUT BY 75% • JAPAN OFFERS U.S. 2 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO AVOID WAR: • JAPAN WOULD WITHDRAW FROM CHINA IN 25 YEARS • JAPAN WOULD WITHDRAW FROM INDOCHINA IF U.S. SELLS JAPAN 1 million tons OF AVAIATION FUEL

21. PREPARING FOR WAR • U.S. DEMANDS: • JAPAN WILL WITHDRAW FROM CHINA • “ “ INDOCHINA • JAPAN WILL RECOGNIZE CHAING KAI-SHEK AS THE LEGITIMATE HEAD OF CHINA • JAPAN WILL LEAVE THE TRIPARTITE PACT • JAPAN’s RESPONSE: • U.S. TERMS ARE UNACCEPTABLE • NOV. 25 – JAPANESE FORCES HEAD FOR… • PEARL HARBOR • PHILIPPINES • S.E. ASIA • INDONESIA • DEC. 7, 1941: PEARL HARBOR ATTACKED

22. JAPANESE PLAN;OCCUPATION OF CHINA1941

25. HIDEKI TOJO

26. HIDEKI TOJOMINISTER OF WAR,PRIME MINISTER,EMPIRE OF JAPAN

27. EMPEROR HIROHITO

28. HIROHITO,EMPEROR OF JAPAN

29. ISORUKU YAMAMATO

30. “IF I AM TOLD TO FIGHT REGARDLESS OF THE CONSEQUENCES, I SHALL RUN WILD FOR THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OR A YEAR, BUT I HAVE UTTERLY NO CONFIDENCE FOR THE SECOND OR THIRD YEAR.” • ADMIRAL ISORUKU YAMAMATO

31. PEARL HARBOR • REASONS FOR ATTACK: • JAPANESE PLAN TO NEUTRALIZE U.S. BATTLE FLEET AT OUTSET • JAPANESE PLAN TO DESTROY U.S. CARRIER FORCES • NEED TO ALLOW OTHER JAPANESE ASSAULTS (Indonesia, Philippines, etc.) TO NOT BE THREATENED • ATTACK: • I.J.N. ASSAULT FLEET ATTACKS EARLY A.M., DEC. 7, 1941 • ASSAULT PLANES ARE SPOTTED BY U.S. RADAR • RADAR WARNINGS ARE IGNORED BY AMERICANS • ATTACK BEGINS @ 7:50AM PDT (approx.) • PRIMARY TARGETS: • U.S. BATTLESHIPS • U.S. AIRFIELDS & PLANES • U.S. ARICRAFT CARRIERS (not at Pearl Harbor – at sea) • RESULTS: • 5 MAJOR BATTLESHIPS SUNK • 4 HEAVILY DAMAGED • 188 U.S. AIRCRAFT DESTROYED • 2,345 MILITARY KIA • 1,247 MILITARY WIA • 57 CIVILIANS KILLED • JAPANESE LOSSES: 27 AIRCRAFT DESTROYED, 55 AIRMEN KILLED • DEC. 8, 1941: U.S. DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN; U.S. IS NOW OFFICIALLY IN WORLD WAR II

34. PEARLHARBOR NAVAL BASE,DEC., 1941

38. JAPANESE FIGHTERS TAKING OFF FROM CARRIER HIRYU, DEC. 7, 1941

40. NAKAJIMA BN5 “KATE” TORPEDO BOMBER

41. “KATE” TORPEDO BOMBER LOADED WITH TORPEDO

42. AICHI D3A “VAL” DIVE BOMBER

43. AICHI D3A“VAL” DIVE BOMBER`

44. MITSUBISHI A6M “ZERO” FIGHTER

45. MITSUBISHI A6M“ZERO” FIGHTER

47. ADMIRAL NAGUMOPEARL HARBOR ATTACK FLEETCOMMANDER, I.J.N.

48. U.S. COMMANDERS AT PEARL HARBOR ADMIRAL KIMMEL, U.S.N. GENERAL SHORT, U.S.A.