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National Security The Science of Geopolitics

National Security The Science of Geopolitics . Deepak Prakash Bhatt, PhD . Geopolitics . A study of the influence, to any country, of such factors as geography, economics, and demography on the politics and especially the foreign policy. Geography, Politics and History

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National Security The Science of Geopolitics

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  1. National SecurityThe Science of Geopolitics Deepak Prakash Bhatt, PhD

  2. Geopolitics • A study of the influence, to any country, of such factors as geography, economics, and demography on the politics and especially the foreign policy. • Geography, Politics and History • Traditional links between-political power and territory • Multidisciplinary in its scope • It includes every aspects of the social science. • Emphasis on • Political geography • International relations • Territorial aspects • International law.

  3. …. • Now the study of geopolitics includes the study of the relations between the interests of • International political actors • Interests focused to particular areas i.e. trade, space and relations which create a geopolitical system • Changes in science and technology • Oil, energy, natural gas, • Cyber crime and war • Climate change-global warming-heat waves

  4. Historical Context of Geopolitics • The term was first coined by Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellén in 19th Century. • The study of geographic influences on power relationships in international politics. • Geopolitical theorists have sought to demonstrate the importance in the determination of foreign policies of considerations such as the acquisition • of natural boundaries • access to important sea routes • control of strategically important land areas.

  5. Modern Era • Age of industrialization and empire • World wars I and II • 50 and 60 mil died-20:40 civ-mil • Geo-economics is branch of geopolitics • Military Strength, cultural and economic significance • International Studies, IR-Political geography • Political geography, sub-discipline, adopts a three level structure for study • Analysis with the study of the state at the centre • Above this is the study of international relations • Below it is the study of localities.

  6. …. • Political geography can be summarized as the inter-relationships between people, state, and territory • Distinct but intimately interlinked • Geopolitical factors have become less significant in the foreign policies of states because of improvements in communications and transportation.

  7. Arms race • Middle East is the most militarized region in the world procuring more arms than anywhere else • Authoritarian regimes and dictatorships with arms sellers- result extremism • Politicians and government officials from major arms dealing nations are major actors in attempting to see deals through • Arms race change the global politics • Under NATO, US has provided nuclear weapons to other five countries

  8. South Asia+ • India-China-Pakistan-Nuclear rivalry • Nuclear Strength • 1064, 1974-98 and 1998 • Military Strength • 2.28 mil active personnel and .8 mil reserve force • 1.3 mil active personnel and 2.14 mil reserve force • 9.21 in total • India is seeking to increase their military spending, while arms dealers are only too willing to help both India and Pakistan. • There were reports • Industry officials were unabashed in admitting that the current regional tension between the nuclear-armed neighbors is a unique selling opportunity.

  9. Nepalese Context • India-China both neighbors are Nuclear Power and rival to become world super power • Proliferation and treaties-No • Boundary Management • Border Management is a mechanism to ensure security of national  borders and to regulate legitimate movements on borders to meet the various needs of the nation by cultural-social-economical interactions 

  10. … • The concept of Territory only came to be used 300 years ago • Border, Frontier and Boundary (Proper) • Became universal • Old, Traditional, Modern and Post-Modern • BOPs from Indian side SSB-545 • BOPs from Nepalese side APF-56 • Landlocked country and its privileges

  11. Territory and Sovereignty • TPSG • NSP and FP in place • Global, Regional and Multilateral forums • Regional Cooperation • EU, ASEAN, Mercosur • SAARC • BRIC

  12. Chindia and Nepchindia • Chindian Century • Bigger economy than USA • Which is the biggest since 1920s • Joint military trainings • Hindu and Buddhist tourists • Nepchindia • Nonsensical statements • What can Nepal offer? • Soft or Hard? • 2020, 30, 40 and 50 • Dynamic capitalism vs welfare state

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